You are here

DİN VE MANEVİYATIN KAVRAMLAŞTIRILMASI VE ÖLÇÜLMESİNDEKİ GELİŞMELER

ADVANCES IN THE CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY Implications for Physical and Mental Health Research

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Keywords (Original Language):

Author NameUniversity of AuthorFaculty of Author
Abstract (2. Language): 
Empirical studies have identified significant links between religion and spirituality and health. The reasons for these associations, however, are unclear. Typically, religion and spirituality have been measured by global indices (e.g., frequency of church attendance, self-rated religiousness and spirituality) that do not specify how or why religion and spirituality affect health. The authors highlight recent advances in the delineation of religion and spirituality concepts and measures theoretically and functionally connected to health. They also point to areas for growth in religion and spirituality conceptualization and measurement. Through measures of religion and spirituality more conceptually related to physical and mental health (e.g., closeness to God, religious orientation and motivation, religious support, religious struggle), psychologists are discovering more about the distinctive contributions of religiousness and spirituality to health and well-being.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Deneysel çalışmalar din, maneviyat ve sağlık arasında önemli ilişkiler olduğunu göstermiştir. Fakat bu ilişkilerin nedenleri çok da açık değildir. Alışılmış biçimde, din ve maneviyat, sağlığı niçin ve nasıl etkilediklerini açıkça ortaya koymayan global göstergeler vasıtasıyla (kiliseye katılım sıklığı, dinin ve maneviyatın öz değerlendirmesi) ölçülmektedir. Yazarlar, teorik ve fonksiyonel olarak sağlıkla ilişkili olan din ve maneviyat kavramlarının ve bunların ölçümlerinin belirlenmesindeki son gelişmelerin altını çizmektedirler. Ve ayrıca onlar, din ve maneviyatı kavramlaştırma ve ölçmede ilerleme gösteren alanlara da işaret etmektedirler. Psikologlar, fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlıkla kavramsal olarak daha fazla ilişkili olan din ve maneviyat ölçümleri (Tanrı’ya yakınlık, dinî yönelim ve motivasyon, dinî destek ve dinî gayret) sayesinde dindarlığın ve maneviyatın sağlık ve mutluluk (iyi-oluş) seviyelerine yaptığı ayırt edici (karekteristik) katkılar hakkında daha fazlasını keşfetmektedirler.
343
368

REFERENCES

References: 

ADORNO, T. W., FRENKEL-BRUNSWIK, E., LEVINSON, D. J., & SANFORD, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper.
ALLPORT, G. W. (1950). The individual and his religion: A psychological interpretation. New York: Macmillan.
ALLPORT, G. W., & ROSS, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432–443.
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
BAIDER, L., & SARELL, M. (1983). Perceptions and causal attributions of Israeli women with breast cancer concerning their illnesses: The effects of ethnicity and religiosity. Psychology and Psychosomatics, 39, 136–143.
BARBOUR, I. G. (1990). Religion in an age of science. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
BATSON, C. D., SCHOENRADE, P., & VENTIS, W. L. (1993). Religion and the individual: A social-psychological perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
BAUMEISTER, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. New York: Guilford Press.
BERG, G. E., FONSS, N., REED, A. J., & VANDECREEK, L. (1995). The impact of religious faith and practice on patients suffering from a majör affective disorder: A cost analysis. Journal of Pastoral Care, 49, 359–363.
BERGIN, A. E. (1983). Religiosity and mental health: A critical reevaluation and meta-analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 14, 170–184.
BERGIN, A. E. (1991). Values and religious issues in psychotherapy and mental health. American Psychologist, 46, 394–403.
BLACK, H. K. (1999). Poverty and prayer: Spiritual narratives of elderly African-American women. Review of Religious Research, 40, 359–374.
BUBER, M. (1970). I and thou (Walter Kaufmann, Trans.). New York: Scribner.
CALHOUN, L. G., CANN, A., TEDESCHI, R. G., & McMILLAN, J. (2000). A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 521–527.
COHEN, S., & WILLS, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357. |360|
bilimname
düşünce platformu
XXVIII, 2015/1
Din ve Maneviyatın Kavramlaştırılması ve Ölçülmesindeki Gelişmeler
CRAIGIE, F. C., LIU, I. Y., LARSON, D. B., & LYONS, J. S. (1988). A systematic analysis of religious variables in The Journal of Family Practice, 1976–1986. Journal of Family Practice, 27, 509–513.
DALAL, A. K., & PANDE, W. (1988). Psychological recovery of accident victims with temporary and permanent disability. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 25–40.
DONAHUE, M. J. (1985). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 400–419.
DULL, V. T., & SKOKAN, L. A. (1995). A cognitive model of religion’s influence on health. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 49–64.
ELIADE, M. (1959). The sacred and the profane: The nature of religion (W. R. Trask, Trans.). New York: Harcourt Brace.
ELLISON, C. G., & LEVIN, J. S. (1998). The religion–health connection: Evidence, theory, and future directions. Health Education and Behavior, 25, 700–720.
ELLISON, C. G., & TAYLOR, R. J. (1996). Turning to prayer: Social and situational antecedents of religious coping among African-Americans. Review of Religious Research, 38, 111–131.
EMMONS, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford Press.
EMMONS, R. A., CHEUNG, C., & TEHRANI, K. (1998). Assessing spirituality through personal goals: Implications for research on religion and subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 45, 391–422.
EXLINE, J. J., YALI, A. M., & SANDERSON, W. C. (2000). Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of religious strain in depression and suicidality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1481–1496.
FETZER Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group. (1999). Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group. Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer Institute.
FIALA, W. E., BJORCK, J. P., & GORSUCH, R. L. (2002). The Religious Support Scale: Construction, validation, and cross-validation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 761–786.
FITCHETT, G., RYBARCZYK, B. D., DeMARCO, G. A., & NICHOLAS, J. J. (1999). The role of religion in medical rehabilitation outcomes: A longitudinal study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 44, 1–22.
GALLUP, G., Jr. (1994). The Gallup Poll: Public opinion 1993. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. |361|
bilimname
düşünce platformu
XXVIII, 2015/1
Peter C. HILL & Kenneth I. PARGAMENT / Çev. Mustafa ULU
GEORGE, L. K., ELLISON, C. G., & LARSON, D. B. (2002). Exploring the relationships between religious involvement and health. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 190–200.
GORSUCH, R. L. (1984). Measurement: The boon and bane of investigating religion. American Psychologist, 39, 228–236.
GORSUCH, R. L. (1988). Psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 201–221.
GORSUCH, R. L., & VENABLE, G. D. (1983). Development of an “age universal” I-E scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 181–187.
HALL, T. W., & EDWARDS, K. J. (1996). The initial development and factor analysis of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 24, 233–246.
HALL, T. W., & EDWARDS, K. J. (2002). The Spiritual Assessment Inventory: A theistic model and measure for assessing spiritual development. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 341–357.
HATHAWAY, W. L., SCOTT, S., & GARVER, S. (1999, August). Religious issues in diagnosis: The V-code and beyond. Paper presented at the 107th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.
HAYS, J. C., MEADOR, K. G., BRANCH, P. S., & GEORGE, L. K. (2001). The Spiritual History Scale in Four Dimensions (SHS-4): Validity and reliability. Gerontologist, 41, 239–249.
HEELAS, P. (1985). Social anthropology and the psychology of religion. In L. B. Brown (Ed.), Advances in the psychology of religion (pp. 34–51). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
HILL, P. C. (1994). Toward an attitude process model of religious experience. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33, 303–314.
HILL, P. C., & HOOD, R. W., Jr. (Eds.). (1999). Measures of religiosity. Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press.
HILL, P. C., PARGAMENT, K. I., HOOD, R. W., Jr., McCULLOUGH, M. E., SWYERS, J. P., LARSON, D. B., & ZINNBAUER, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30, 51–77.
HOOD, R. W., Jr., SPILKA, B., HUNSBERGER, B., & GORSUCH, R. (1996). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. |362|
bilimname
düşünce platformu
XXVIII, 2015/1
Din ve Maneviyatın Kavramlaştırılması ve Ölçülmesindeki Gelişmeler
HUNTER, J. E., & SCHMIDT, F. L. (1990). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
JAMES, W. (1902). The varieties of religious experience. New York: Random House.
KAHN, R. L., & ANTONUCCI, T. C. (1980). Convoys over the life course: Attachment, roles, and social support. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim (Eds.), Life span development and behavior (pp. 253–286). New York: Academic Press.
KASS, J. D., FRIEDMAN, R., LESSERMAN, J., ZUTTERMEISTER, P., & BENSON, H. (1991). Health outcomes and a new index of spiritual experience. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30, 203–211.
KAUFMAN, G. D. (1981). The theological imagination: Constructing the concept of God. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
KING, D. G. (1990). Religion and health relationships: A review. Journal of Religion and Health, 29, 101–112.
KIRKPATRICK, L. A. (1995). Attachment theory and religious experience. In R. W. Hood, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of religious experience (pp. 446– 475). Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press.
KIRKPATRICK, L. A., KELLAS, S., & SHILLITO, D. (1993, August). Loneliness and perceptions of social support from God. Paper presented at the 101st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
KOENIG, H. G., BEARON, L. B., HOVER, M., & TRAVIS, J. L. (1991). Religious perspectives of doctors, nurses, patients and families. Journal of Pastoral Care, 45, 254–267.
KOENIG, H. G., McCULLOUGH, M. E., & LARSON, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press.
KOENIG, H. G., PARGAMENT, K. I., & NIELSEN, J. (1998). Religious coping and health status in medically ill hospitalized older adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 513–521.
KRAUSE, N. (1998). Neighborhood deterioration, religious coping, and changes in health during late life. Gerontologist, 38, 653–664.
KRAUSE, N. (1999). Religious support. In the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group, Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group (pp. 57–64). Kalamazoo, MI: Fetzer Institute. |363|
bilimname
düşünce platformu
XXVIII, 2015/1
Peter C. HILL & Kenneth I. PARGAMENT / Çev. Mustafa ULU
KRAUSE, N., CHATTERS, L. M., MELTZER, T., & MORGAN, D. L. (2000). Negative interaction in the church: Insights from focus groups with older adults. Review of Religious Research, 41, 510–533.
KRAUSE, N., ELLISON, C. G., & WULFF, K. M. (1998). Church-based support, negative interaction, and well-being. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 725–741.
KRAUSE, N., INGERSOLL-DAYTON, B., ELLISON, C. G., & WULFF, K. M. (1999). Aging, religious doubt, and psychological well-being. Gerontologist, 39, 525–533.
LARSON, D. B., PATTISON, E. M., BLAZER, D. G., OMRAN, A. R., & KAPLAN, B. H. (1986). Systematic analysis of research on religious variables in four major psychiatric journals, 1978–1982. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 329–334.
LARSON, D. B., SWYERS, J. P., & McCULLOUGH, M. E. (1998). Scientific research on spirituality and health: A report based on the Scientific Progress in Spirituality Conferences. Bethesda, MD: National Institute for Healthcare Research.
LEHR, E., & SPILKA, B. (1989). A systematic review of religion found in introductory psychology textbooks: A comparison of three decades. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 366–371.
MAGYAR, G. M. (2001, November). Violating the sacred: An initial study of desecration in romantic relationships among college students and its implication for physical and mental health. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, Columbus, OH.
MAHONEY, A. M., PARGAMENT, K. I., JEWELL, T., SWANK, A. B., SCOTT, E., EMERY, E., & RYE, M. (1999). Marriage and the spiritual realm: The role of proximal and distal religious constructs in marital functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 321–338.
MARLER, P. L., & HADAWAY, C. K. (2002). “Being religious” or “being spiritual” in America: A zero-sum proposition? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 289–300.
MATON, K. I. (1989a). Community settings as buffers of life stress? Highly supportive churches, mutual help groups, and senior centers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 203–232.
MATON, K. I. (1989b). The stress-buffering role of spiritual support: Cross-sectional and prospective investigations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 310–323. |364|
bilimname
düşünce platformu
XXVIII, 2015/1
Din ve Maneviyatın Kavramlaştırılması ve Ölçülmesindeki Gelişmeler
McCULLOUGH, M. E., HOYT, W. T., LARSON, D. B., KOENIG, H. G., & THORESEN, C. (2000). Religious involvement and mortality: A metaanalytic review. Health Psychology, 19, 211–222.
McINTOSH, D. N. (1995). Religion as schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5, 1–16.
NEWBERG, A., d’AQUILI, E. G., & RAUSE, V. (2001). Why God won’t go away: Brain science and the biology of belief. New York: Ballantine Books.
PALOUTZIAN, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
PALOUTZIAN, R. F., & ELLISON, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual wellbeing and quality of life. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 224–237). New York: Wiley.
PALOUTZIAN, R. F., RICHARDSON, J. T., & RAMBO, L. R. (1999). Religious conversion and personality change. Journal of Personality, 67, 1047–1079.
PARGAMENT, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York: Guilford Press.
PARGAMENT, K. I. (1999). The psychology of religion and spirituality? Yes and no. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 3–16.
PARGAMENT, K. I. (2002). The bitter and the sweet: An evaluation of the costs and benefits of religiousness. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 168–181.
PARGAMENT, K. I., KENNELL, J., HATHAWAY, W., GREVENGOED, N., NEWMAN, J., & JONES, W. (1988). Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 90–104.
PARGAMENT, K. I., KOENIG, H. G., & PEREZ, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 519–543.
PARGAMENT, K. I., KOENIG, H. G., TARAKESHWAR, N., & HAHN, J. (2001). Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly patients: A two-year longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1881–1885.
PARGAMENT, K. I., & MAHONEY, A. (2002). Spirituality: The discovery and conservation of the sacred. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 646–659). New York: Oxford University Press. |365|
bilimname
düşünce platformu
XXVIII, 2015/1
Peter C. HILL & Kenneth I. PARGAMENT / Çev. Mustafa ULU
PARGAMENT, K. I., MURRAY-SWANK, N., MAGYAR, G. R., & ANO, G. (in press). Spiritual struggle: A phenomenon of interest to psychology and religion. In W. R. Miller & H. Delaney (Eds.), Human nature and psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
PARGAMENT, K. I., OLSEN, H., REILLY, B., FALGOUT, K., ENSING, D. S., & VAN HAITSMA, K. (1992). God help me: II. The relationship of religious orientations to religious coping with negative life events. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31, 504–513.
PARGAMENT, K. I., SMITH, B. W., KOENIG, H. G., & PEREZ, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 710–724.
PARGAMENT, K. I., ZINNBAUER, B. J., SCOTT, A. B., BUTTER, E. M., ZEROWIN, J., & STANIK, P. (1998). Red flags and religious coping: Identifying some religious warning signs among people in crisis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 77–89.
PARK, C. L., & COHEN, L. H. (1993). Religious and nonreligious coping with the death of a friend. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 561–577.
PAYNE, I. R., BERGIN, A. E., BIELEMA, K. A., & JENKINS, P. H. (1991). Review of religion and mental health: Prevention and the enhancement of psychosocial functioning. Prevention in Human Services, 2, 11–40.
PENDLETON, S., CAVILLI, K. S., PARGAMENT, K. I., & NASR, S. (2002). Spirituality in children with cystic fibrosis: A qualitative study. Pediatrics, 109, 1–11.
PLANTE, T. G., & SHERMAN, A. C. (Eds.). (2001). Faith and health: Psychological perspectives. New York: Guilford Press. Politics of the professorate. (1991, July-August). Public Perspective, pp. 86–87.
POWELL, L. H., SHAHABI, L., & THORESEN, C. E. (2003). Religion and spirituality: Linkages to physical health. American Psychologist, 58, 36–52.
RYAN, R. M., RIGBY, S., & KING, K. (1993). Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientations and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 586–596.
SEEMAN, T. E., DUBIN, L. F., & SEEMAN, M. (2003). Religiosity/spirituality and health: A critical review of the evidence for biological pathways. American Psychologist, 58, 53–63.
SETHI, S., & SELIGMAN, M. E. P. (1993). Optimism and fundamentalism. Psychological Science, 4, 256–259. |366|
bilimname
düşünce platformu
XXVIII, 2015/1
Din ve Maneviyatın Kavramlaştırılması ve Ölçülmesindeki Gelişmeler
SEYBOLD, K. S., & HILL, P. C. (2001). The role of religion and spirituality in mental and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 21–24.
SHAFRANSKE, E. P. (1996). Religious beliefs, affiliations, and practices of clinical psychologists. In E. P. Shafranske (Ed.), Religion and the clinical practice of psychology (pp. 149–162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
SHAFRANSKE, E. P., & MALONY, H. N. (1990). Clinical psychologists’ religious and spiritual orientations and their practice of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 27, 72–78.
SHERRILL, K. A., LARSON, D. B., & GREENWOLD, M. (1993). Is religion taboo in gerontology? Systematic review of research on religion in three major gerontology journals. 1985–1991. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1, 109–117.
SMITH, B. W., PARGAMENT, K. I., BRANT, C. R., & OLIVER, J. M. (2000). Noah revisited: Religious coping by church members and the impact of the 1993 Midwest flood. Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 169–186.
SNOW, D. A., & MACHALEK, R. (1984). The sociology of conversion. Annual Review of Sociology, 10, 167–190.
TARAKESHWAR, N., SWANK, A. B., PARGAMENT, K. I., & MAHONEY, A. (2001). The sanctification of nature and theological conservatism: A study of opposing correlates of environmentalism. Review of Religious Research, 42, 387–404.
TAYLOR, R. J., & CHATTERS, L. M. (1988). Church members as a source of informal social support. Review of Religious Research, 30, 193–203.
THOMSON, K. S. (1996). The revival of experiments in prayer. American Scientist, 84, 532–534.
THORESEN, C. E. (1999). Spirituality and health: Is there a relationship? Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 291–300.
THORESEN, C. E., HARRIS, A. H., & OMAN, D. (2001). Spirituality, religion, and health: Evidence, issues, and concerns. In T. G. Plante & A. C. Sherman (Eds.), Faith and health: Psychological perspectives (pp. 15–52). New York: Guilford Press.
TIX, A. P., & FRAZIER, P. A. (1998). The use of religious coping during stressful life events: Main effects, moderation, and mediation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 411–422.
TRENHOLM, P., TRENT, J., & COMPTON, W. C. (1998). Negative religious conflict as a predictor of panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 59–65. |367|
bilimname
düşünce platformu
XXVIII, 2015/1
Peter C. HILL & Kenneth I. PARGAMENT / Çev. Mustafa ULU
ULLMAN, C. (1989). The transformed self: The psychology of religious conversion. New York: Plenum.
VANDECREEK, L., PARGAMENT, K., BELAVICH, T., COWELL, B., & FRIEDEL, L. (1999). The unique benefits of religious support during cardiac bypass surgery. Journal of Pastoral Care, 53, 19–29.
VENTIS, W. L. (1995). The relationships between religion and mental health. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 33–48.
WEAVER, A. J., KLINE, A. E., SAMFORD, J. A., LUCAS, L. A., LARSON, D. B., & GORSUCH, R. L. (1998). Is religion taboo in psychology? A systematic analysis of research on religion in seven major American Psychological Association journals: 1991–1994. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 17, 220–232.
WULFF, D. M. (1996). The psychology of religion: An overview. In E. P. Shafranske (Ed.), Religion and the clinical practice of psychology (pp. 43–70). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
WULFF, D. M. (1997). Psychology of religion: Classic and contemporary (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
WUTHNOW, R. (1998). After heaven: Spirituality in America since the 1950s. Berkeley: University of California Press.
ZINNBAUER, B. J., PARGAMENT, K. I., COLE, B. C., RYE, M. S., BUTTER, E. M., BELAVICH, T. G., et al. (1997). Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 549–564.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com