YAPISAL DİLBİLİMİN OLUŞUMU VE BU ALANDA YAPILAN ÇALIŞMALARA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ

In this article, after a short history of the scientific period of the linguistics, we'll study the structural linguistics in Europe and in The United States. This article will also focus on varuous domains as morphology, which was born from the american structuralism methods yet today it tries to enhance a general language theory, as semantics and as axiology, which study on the concrete speech act, not on the abstract language structures. The structuralism is a method founded on a postulate which is today largely accepted by the social sciences, and which dictates that every objectivation of experience is done by the elaboration of a structure. To review the very beginning of the structuralism, we have to go to the United States (E. Sapir, L. Bloomfield) and to Europe (F. de Saussure, N.S. Troubetzkoy). Saussure shows in his Courses that, instead of studying the history of languages and comparing them to each other, the linguist has to observe every language in sychrony and describe every one of them as a system of relations between units; these units are to be identified not by their substance or their physical reality, but exclusively by their mutual relations. These principles which dictates clearly that the language as a structure is the unique object of the linguistics, would change radically the orientation of this domain; they also preside to the discovery of phonology: an exemple of success for the structuralism in social sciences.