Journal Name:
- Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi
Keywords (Original Language):
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Abstract (2. Language):
The history of relations between the central and local forms of government in Turkey, are reviewed here from the political-administrative, fiscal and legal points of view. Earliest attempts to institutionalize local governments date back to mid-19th
century. Local government has been considered a necessary burden for the
central government only for different reasons at the various historical stages, and
the nature of their relations can be described as 'persistently authoritarian' and
'paternalistic'. For the late Ottoman rule, provision of local administration was
a means of evading pressures imposed by alien powers for the political participation
of the various ethnic groups in the affairs of the Empire.
Reluctance in allowing a more comprehensive autonomy could best be justified
perhaps for the period of national unity and consolidation, after the War of
Independence and the proclamation of the Republic. Little reason could be
advanced however, for the current stage as liberal economy reigns and political
anouncements are repeatedly made for the strengthening of local authorities and
curbing the centralistic tendencies. The structural relations of tutelage over local
governments seems to remain unchanged however, despite the fact that tendencies
for decentralization have intensified with the rapid growth of towns and the
increased policy awareness of urban populations and their demands for higher
quality services. The paternalistic inertia could well be observed in fiscal policies
as well as in relations concerning physical development and town planning.
From 1876 onwards, local authority budgets have been traditionally determined
by the central government on a basis of 'tax sharing'. Independent municipal
incomes were instituted only in 1914. Although the sources of municipal
revenues have been extended recently to include the property taxes, incomes and
responsibilities of municipalities are not compatable. National budget subsidies
vital for the metropolitan municipalities are denied on the other hand, since
almost half of this budget are channelled into extra-budget 'Funds', the allocation
processes in which are subject to political choices of the central government.
Central decision-making prevails again, in many aspects of local physical development.
This is made possible, by the interventions of the central authority
under various pretexts, acting as if delegated by the municipal governments. More
serious than such interventions is the structural limitation on local governments
whereby little freedom is allowed for the local control and manipulation of
development due to a hierarchy of planning law, by-laws and regulations which
are over-detailed and inflexible, and give no consideration to local variations and
requirements.
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Abstract (Original Language):
Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'de merkezi ve yerel yönetimler arasındaki ilişkiyi
, değişik boyutları ile tarihsel bir perspektif içinde gözden geçirmektir. Konu, politik ve idari düzey, mali politikalar ve kent planlamasına ilişkin yasal ve
kurumsal çerçeve olmak üzere üç ana başlık altında toplanmıştır.
Türkiye'de kentsel gelişmelerin modern anlamda belediyeler olarak örgütlenmesi
ondokuzuncu yüzyıl ortalarına dek iner. Bu makalede anılan yaklaşık 150
yıllık tarihsel geçmişin belirgin bir eğilimini ana tema olarak işlemeyi uygun
gördük. Bu eğilim, merkezi yönetimle yerel yönetimler arasındaki ilişkinin bu bir
buçuk asırlık dönemde, farklı yoğunluk ve biçimlerde de olsa, 'merkeziyetçi',
'otoriter' ve 'paternalist' niteliğini koruduğu biçiminde özetlenebilir. Bu
çalışmada, yerel yönetimle merkezi yönetim arasındaki vesayet ilişkisinin yapısal
bir ilişki olduğunu ileri süren görüşümüzün normatif bir değerlendirmesini
yapmaktan çok, her alanda liberal politikalar izlendiği savunulan güncel dönem
içinde bu mekanizmanın ne ölçüde değiştirilebildiği incelenmeye çalışılmaktadır.
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