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The Masculinist Ideology and War-Combat Films: Reassertion of Masculinity in Hollywood

The Masculinist Ideology and War-Combat Films: Reassertion of Masculinity in Hollywood

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Abstract (2. Language): 
Masculinity has been a recurring and essential theme in the formation of American cultural ideology. From its very early periods, American culture has developed along a masculinist cultural ideology that basically serves to maintain a conservative status quo, certain power relationships and a war-like sentiment for imperialistic ends. Various American philosophers, politicians and artists have contributed to the formation of such a manly perception of life. This ideology considers the act of war as a proving ground for masculinity, i.e. a test by which the manliness of American society is tested and as a chance to bring vitality to American life. Wars are considered to be ritualistic acts that turn boys into men and the warrior image is presented as the national hero in many instances of life, most notably in Hollywood films. War-combat films made in Hollywood retain the basic characteristics of this ideology and support it by providing legitimization through its filmic narratives. Interestingly, even seemingly anti-war films serve this ideology through overt and covert layers of meaning. An analysis of Hollywood war-combat films made in the post-Vietnam War period reveals that even films with obvious anti¬war messages propagate a certain masculinist ideology through various strategies employed by the filmmakers. Among these strategies are the mythification of war-combat, ritualistic and transformative presentations of the act of killing, the father-son relationship and families formed by soldiers within war atmosphere. An analysis made among the most prominent representatives of the war-combat genre demonstrates how these films use these strategies to revert the overt message and latently continue to support the conservative cultural ideology that shows wars as just, inevitable and test grounds for manliness. The films analyzed are The Deer Hunter (1978), Apocalypse Now (1979-2001), Platoon (1986), Full Metal Jacket (1987), Saving Private Ryan (1998) and We Were Soldiers (2002).
Abstract (Original Language): 
Erkeklik teması Amerikan kültürel ideolojisinin oluşumunda devamlı tekrarlanan temel öğelerden birisi olagelmiştir. Ortaya çıkışından itibaren, Amerikan kültürü esasen erkeklik teması etrafında dönen ve esas amacı muhafazakar bir statükonun ve bazı güç ilişkilerinin korunması ve emperyalist amaçlara hizmet için savaş taraftarı bir anlayışın sürdürülmesi olan bir kültürel ideoloji çerçevesinde gelişmiştir. Bir çok Amerikalı düşünür, siyasetçi ve sanatçı da hayatın tamamen erkeklik çerçevesinde anlaşılması üzerine kurulu bu oluşuma katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Bu ideoloji, savaş eylemini erkekliğin ispatı için bir ortam, yani Amerikan toplumunun yeterince erkekçe davranıp davranmadığının sınandığı bir eylem ve Amerikan toplumuna taze hayat sağlamak için bir fırsat olarak görmektedir. Savaşlar, oğlan çocuklarını tam birer erkeğe döndürecek ritüeller ve savaşçı imgesi de başta Hollywood filmleri olmak üzere hayatın bir çok kesiminde milli kahraman ideali için örnek olarak gösterilmektedir. Hollywood tarafından yapılan savaş filmleri bu ideolojinin temel öğelerini barındırır ve film ortamının kendine ait özelliklerini kullanarak bu ideolojiye meşruiyet kazandırırlar. Asıl ilginç olan, görünüşte savaş karşıtı gibi görünen filmler dahi açık ya da örtülü anlam katmanları sayesinde bu ideolojiye hizmet ederler. Vietnam Savaşı sonrası dönemde çekilmiş Hollywood savaş filmlerinden yapılan bir seçkinin incelemesi, açıkça savaş karşıtı mesajlar barındıran bu filmlerin film yapımcılarının kullandığı çeşitli stratejiler sayesinde geçerli erkeklik ideolojisinin yeniden üretilmesine hizmet ettiklerini açığa vurmaktadır. Bu stratejiler arasında savaş ortamının mitleştirilme yoluyla yüceltilmesi, öldürme eyleminin dinsel-ritüel bir biçimde ve dönüştürücü niteliklere sahip bir eylem olarak sunulması ve savaş ortamında erkekler arasında kurulan baba-oğul ilişkileri ve aile oluşumu sayılabilir. Savaş türünden filmler arasında yapılan bir seçki, bu filmlerin bu stratejiler ile savaşları adil, kaçınılmaz ve erkekliğin ispat ortamları olarak gören muhafazakar bir kültürel ideolojiye nasıl hizmet etmekte olduklarını göstermektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında incelenen filmler şunlardır: The Deer Hunter (1978), Apocalypse Now (1979-2001), Platoon (1986), Full Metal Jacket (1987), Saving Private Ryan (1998) ve We Were Soldiers (2002).
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