You are here

Education as an Investment in Turkey’s Human Capital: A Work in Progress

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Abstract (2. Language): 
As a nation, Turkey sees education as an essential component in building its economy to world class levels. Yet school equity and teacher quality issues are preventing Turkey from fully developing its human capital. Authors discuss the concept of education as an investment in human capital, Turkey’s human capital challenges, equity practices which undermine the widespread development of Turkey’s human capital, how improving teacher quality could help remedy the situation, and recommendations to strengthen Turkey’s education as an investment in human capital.
45-70

REFERENCES

References: 

Aksu, M., Demir, C.E., Daloğlu, A., Yıldırım, S. & Kiraz, E. (2010) “Who are the future teachers
in Turkey? Characteristics of entering student teachers” International Journal of Educational
Development 30 (1): 91-101.
Becker, G. S. (1964) Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special
Reference to Education. New York: Columbia University Press.
Büyüköztürk, S. (2005) Kız çocuklarının ilköğretimde okullulasma durumu: Nicel
değerlendirme sonuç raporu. Girls’ enrollment in primary education: Final report of
quantitative assessment. Unpublished report in cooperation of MONE and UNICEF, Ankara.
Danielson, C. (2007) Enhancing Professional Practice: A Framework for Teaching. Alexandria,
VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2000, January 1) “Teacher quality and student achievement: A review
of state policy evidence.” Educational Policy Analysis Archives 8 (1.) http://epaa.asu.
edu/epaa/v8n1 (accessed June 25, 2012)
Darling-Hammond, L. & Sykes, G. (2003) “Wanted: A National Teacher Supply Policy for
Education: The Right Way to Meet the ‘Highly Qualified Teacher’ Challenge?”
Education Policy Analysis Archives 11 (33). http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v11n33 (accessed July
10, 2012).
Denison, E. F. (1962) The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States and the
Alternatives Before Us. New York: Committee for Economic Development.
Denison, E. F. (1967) Why Growth Rates Differ: Postwar Experience in Nine Western
Countries. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Deniz, S. & Şahin, N. (2006) “The Restructuring Process of Teacher Training System in Turkey:
A Model of Teacher Training Based on Post-Graduate Education (PGCE).” Journal of Social
Sciences 2 (1): 21-26.
Dinçer, M. A. & Uysal, G. (2010). “Determinants of Student Achievement in Turkey”,
Bahcesehir University, Betam, Working Paper.
Duman, A. (2009, April) Female Education Inequality in Turkey: Factors Affecting Girls’
Schooling. Spring Meeting of Young Economists, Istanbul.
http://smye2009.org/file/557_Duman.pdf (accessed July 3, 2012).
Duman, A. (2010) “Female Education Inequity in Turkey. Factors Affecting Girls’ Schooling
Decisions.” International Journal of Education Economics and Development 1 (3): 243-258.
Ederer, P., Schuller, P. & Willms, S. (2011) “Human Capital Leading Indicators: How Europe’s
Regions and Cities Can Drive Growth and Foster Social Inclusion.” The Lisbon Council Policy
Brief, 2, 3. Brussels, BE: The Lisbon Council.
William A. OWINGS, Leslie S. KAPLAN & Zafer PIRIM
Page | 66 EJBE 2012, 5 (10)
Eginli, I. (2010, May) World Bank Education Policy: The Impact of World Bank Education
Projects (1997-2007) on Turkey. Paper prepared for the Doctoral and Post Doctoral
Workshop on Development and International Organizations in the World Bank’s Annual Bank
Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE), Stockholm, Sweden.
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/csgr/news/doctoral_workshop_on/final_p...
apr_2010.pdf (accessed June 25, 2012).
Ehrenberg, R. G., Brewer, D.J. , Gamoran, A. & Willms, J.D. (2001) “Class Size and Student
Achievement.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2 (1): 1-30.
Fullan, M. G. (1995) “The Limits and Potential of Professional Development”, In T.R. Guskey
and M. Huberman, (Eds.) Professional Development in Education: New Paradigms and
Practices pp. 253-267 New York: Teachers College Press.
Gordon, R., Kane, T.J., & Staiger, D.O. (2006) “Identifying Effective Teachers Using
Performance on the Job”, in J. Furman & J. Bordoff (Eds.). Path to Prosperity: Hamilton
Project Ideas on Income Security, Education, and Taxes pp. 189 – 226 Washington, DC: The
Brookings Institution.
Grossman, G. M, Sands, M.K. & Brittingham, B. (2010) “Teacher Education and Accreditation
in Turkey. The Creation of a Culture of Quality.” International Journal of Educational
Development 30 (1): 102–109.
Guncer, B. (1998). Reconstructing of Teacher Education Programs in Faculties of Education.
Ankara, Turkey: Council of Higher Education.
Gürkaynak, I., Üstel, F. & Gülgöz, S. (2003) “Eleştirel Düşünme (Critical Thinking)”, Istanbul,
Turkey: Education Reform Initiative/Istanbul Policy Center.
Guyton, E. & Farokhi, E. (1987, September/October) “Relationships Among Academic
Performance, Basic Skills, and Subject-Matter Knowledge and Teaching Skills of Teacher
Education Graduates.” Journal of Teacher Education 38 (5): 37–42.
Hanushek, E.A. & Kimko, D.D. (2000) “Schooling, Labour Force Quality, and the Growth of
Nations.” American Economic Review 90 (5): 1184-1208.
Hanushek, E. A. & Woessmann. L. (2010) The High Cost of Low Educational Performance. The
Long-Run Economic Impact of Improving PISA Outcomes. Programme for International
Student Assessment. Paris, FR: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development .
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/11/28/44417824.pdf (accessed July 7, 2012).
Hanushek, E. A. & Woessmann, L. (2008) “The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic
Development.” Journal of Economic Literature 46 (3): 607-668.
Ingersoll, R. M. & Smith, T.M. (2004) “Do Teacher Induction and Mentoring Matter? “
National Association of Secondary School Principals Bulletin 88 (638): 28 – 40.
Ingersoll, R. M. & Smith, T.M. (2003) “The Wrong Solution to the Teacher Shortage.”
Educational Leadership 60 (8): 30-33.
Inkeles, A. (1973) “The School as a Context for Modernization.” International Journal of
Comparative Sociology 14 (3-4): 163-179.
Inkeles, A. & Smith, D.H. (1974). Becoming Modern. Cambridge, UK.
Kaplan, L. S. & Owings, W.A. (2003) “The Politics of Teacher Quality.” Phi Delta Kappan 84
(9): 688 – 692.
Education as an Investment in Turkey’s Human Capital: A Work in Progress
EJBE 2012, 5 (10) Page | 67
Kasikci, O. (2012, May 17) “W&H of Turkey.” Turkish Review 2 (3): 66-67. Bahçelievler,
Istanbul. http://www.turkishreview.org/tr/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=223192
(accessed July 11, 2012).
Kilicalp, D. (2011, July) “Youth employment. Round table meetings. Final Report”. TOG Youth
Employment Research. ERG. http://www.scribd.com/doc/61124378/TOG-Youth-
Employment-Research (accessed June 1, 2012)
Koca, C. (2009) “Gender Interaction in Coed Physical Education: A Study in Turkey.”
Adolescence 44 (173): 165-185.
Krugman, P. (1994) “The Myth of Asian’s Miracle.” Foreign Affairs 73: 67-78.
Lucas, R. E. (1988) “On the Mechanics of Economic Development.” Journal of Monetary
Economics 22 (1): 2-32.
Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. & Weil, D.N. (1992) “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic
Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (2): 407-437.
McLoughney, E., Fornara, M-L., Zavarko, S. & Neal, K.L. (2007, May) Eliminating Gender
Disparity in Primary Education: The Case of Turkey. New York, NY: UNICEF, Division of Policy
and Planning.
http://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Eliminating_Gender_Disparity_...
tion_Turkey%281%29.pdf (accessed July 2, 2012).
Mincer, J. (1974) Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ministry of National Education (2011) “Milli Eğitim Istatistikleri: Örgün Eğitim 2010-2011.
National Education Statistics: Formal Education 2010-2011.” Ankara: Author.
Mitchell, D. E. & Mitchell, R.E. (2009) Evaluating the Impact of California’s Class Size
Reduction Initiative on Student Achievement: Third Year Evaluation Report, Riverside, CA:
California Educational Research Cooperative.
Molnar, A.., Smith, P., Zahorik, J., Palmer, A., Halbach, A. & Ehrle, K. (1999) “Evaluating the
SAGE Program: A Pilot Program in Targeted Pupil-Teacher Reduction in Wisconsin.”
Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 21 (2): 167-177.
Mulkeen, A. (2010) Teachers in Anglophone Africa: Issues in Teacher Supply, Training and
Management. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Nye, B., Konstantopoulos, S., & Hedges, L.V. (2004) “How Large are Teacher Effects?”
Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 26 (3): 237-257.
Nye, B. A., Hedges, L.V., & Konstantopoulos, S. (2001) “The Long-Term Effects of Small
Classes in Early Grades: Lasting Benefits of Mathematics Achievement at Grade 9.” Journal of
Experimental Education 69 (3): 245-257.
Nye, B. A., Hedges, L.V. & Konstantopoulos, S. (2004) “Do Minorities Experience Larger
Lasting Benefits From Small Classes?” Journal of Educational Research 98 (2): 94-100.
OECD (2010a) Highlights from Education at a Glance 2010. Paris, FR: http://www.oecdilibrary.
org/docserver/download/fulltext/9610061ec030.pdf?expires=1342552810&id=id&ac
cname=guest&checksum=7E015FB4C0DE7C85770E1006FBABA733 (accessed July 16, 2012).
OECD (2010b) “PISA 2009 at a Glance”, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/31/28/46660259.pdf (accessed June 1, 2012).
OECD (2010c) PISA 2009 Results: Overcoming Social Background. Equity in Learning
Opportunities and Outcomes. Vol II. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/60/46619703.pdf (accessed May 30, 2012).
William A. OWINGS, Leslie S. KAPLAN & Zafer PIRIM
Page | 68 EJBE 2012, 5 (10)
OECD (2011) Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/61/2/48631582.pdf (accessed May 24, 2012)
Otteson, J.R. (2004) Adam Smith: Selected Philosophical Writings. Charlottesville, VA: Imprint
Academic.
Pritchett, L. (2001) “Where Has All the Education Gone?” World Bank Economic Review 15
(3): 367-391.
Psacharopoulos, G. (1988). “Education and Development: A Review.” Research Observer 3
(1): 99-116.
Psacharopoulos, G. (1994) “Returns to Investment in Education: A Global Update.” World
Development 22 (9): 1325-1343.
Psacharopoulos, G. (2006) “World Bank Policy on Education: A Personal Account”,
International Journal of Educational Development 26 (3): 329-338.
Rees, A. (1979) The Economics of Work and Pay (2nd ed.) New York: Harper and Row.
Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. (2005, June). Basic education in Turkey.
Background report. Republic of Turkey. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/8/51/39642601.pdf
(accessed May 23, 2012).
Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. (2011). Implementation of the Strategic
Framework for European Cooperation in Education and Training. 2011 National Report of
Turkey. Ankara, Turkey: Directorate General for Foreign Relations. Republic of Turkey.
http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-policy/doc/natreport11/t...
(accessed May 22, 2012).
Rivkin, S. G., Hanushek, E.A. & Kain, J.F. (2005) “Teachers, Schools, and Academic
Achievement,” Econometrica 73 (2): 417–458.
Rockoff, J. (2004) “The Impact of Individual Teachers on Student Achievement: Evidence
from Panel Data.” American Economic Review 94 (2): 247-252.
Sahin, A. (2004) “Qualitative Assessment of the Quality of Turkish Elementary Schools.”
Paper commissioned for the Turkey ESS. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Sanders, W. L. & Horn, S.P. (1995) “Educational Assessment Reassessed: The Usefulness of
Standardized and Alternative Measures of Student Achievement as Indicates for the
Assessment of Educational Outcomes.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 3 (6): 1–15.
Sanders, W. L. & Rivers, J.C. (1996, November) Cumulative and Residual Effects of Teachers
on Future Student Academic Achievement. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Value-
Added Research and Assessment Center.
Scarpetta, S. & Sonnet, A. (2012) “Investing in Skills to Foster Youth Employment – What are
the Key Policy Challenges?” Forum. Intereconomics 2012.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/36/49567835.pdf (accessed May 21, 2012).
Schultz, T. W. (1963) The Economic Value of Education. New York: Columbia University Press.
SESRIC (2012, January) Vocational Education and Training Programme for OIC Member
Countries. Report. Study Visit on Skill Development for Youth Employment Project. Ankara,
Turkey. http://www.sesric.org/imgs/news/image/621-final-report.pdf (accessed June 19,
2012).
Shultz, G. P. & Hanushek. E. A. (2012, Tuesday, May 1) “Education is the Key to a Healthy
Economy.” The Wall Street Journal, A15.
Education as an Investment in Turkey’s Human Capital: A Work in Progress
EJBE 2012, 5 (10) Page | 69
Solow, R. M. (1956) "A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth." Quarterly Journal
of Economics 70 (1): 65-94.
Stoel, C. F. & Thant, T-S. (2002) “Teachers’ Professional Lives—A View from Nine
Industrialized Countries.” Washington, D.C.: Council for Basic Education, Milken Family
Foundation.
Tansel, A. & Bircan, F. (2006) “Demand for Education in Turkey: A Tobit Analysis of Private
Tutoring Expenditures.” Economics of Education Review 25: 303-313.
Tansel, A. & Bircan, F. (2004) Private Tutoring in Turkey. Discussion Paper 1255. Bonn,
German: Institute for the Study of Labor. http://ftp.iza.org/dp1255.pdf (accessed July 10,
2012).
Tarman, B. (2010) “Global Perspectives and Challenge on Teacher Education in Turkey.”
International Journal of Arts and Sciences 3 (17): 78-96.
http://openaccesslibrary.org/images/HAR158_Bulent_Tarman.pdf (accessed July 12, 2012).
Teddie, C, & Reynolds, D. (2000) The International Handbook of School Effectiveness
Research. London, UK: Falmer Press.
UNDP (2009) “Turkey Ranks 79th out of 182 Countries.” Turkey Monthly Newsletter. New
Horizons Special Edition. Ankara, Turkey: United Nations Development Programme.
http://www.undp.org.tr/Gozlem2.aspx?WebSayfaNo=2169 (accessed May 15, 2012).
UNESCO (2010a) Depravation and Marginalization in Education (DME). Paris, France: United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
http://www.unesco.org/en/efareport/dme (June 25, 2012).
UNESCO (2010b) Regional Overview, Central and Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia, Education
for All Global Monitoring Report 2010. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organization. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001866/186606e.pdf
(accessed June 25, 2012).
UNESCO (2011) Global Education Digest 2011. Comparing Education Statistics Around the
World. Montreal, Institute for Statistics. Quebec, Canada: United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/ged-
2011-en.pdf (accessed May 24, 2012).
UNICEF (2003) A Gender Review in Educator, Turkey, 2003.
http://www.unicef.org/turkey/pr/ge6.html (accessed July 16, 2012).
Uysal, G. & Dinçer, M.A. (2009) “Determinants of Student Achievement in Turkey”,
Bahcesehir University, Betam, Working Paper 002. http://betam.bahcesehir.edu.tr/tr/wpcontent/
uploads/2009/03/WorkingPaper002.pdf (accessed July 2, 2012).
Wang, A. H., Coleman, A.B., Coley, R.J., & Phelps, R.P. (2003) Preparing Teachers around the
World. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
http://www.ets.org/Media/Education_Topics/pdf/prepteach.pdf (accessed July 18, 2012).
Webster, W. J. & Mendro. R.L. (1997) “The Dallas Value-Added Accountability System.” In J.
Millman (Ed.), Grading Teachers, Grading Schools: Is Student Achievement a Valid Evaluation
Measure? pp. 81–99 Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Weglinsky, H. (2000) How teaching matters: Bringing the classroom back into discussions of
teacher quality. Princeton, NJ: The Milliken Family Foundation and Educational Testing
Service.
William A. OWINGS, Leslie S. KAPLAN & Zafer PIRIM
Page | 70 EJBE 2012, 5 (10)
Wilson, R. A. & Briscoe, G. (2004) “The Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth: A
Review.” in P. Descy and M. Tesssaruy (Eds.), Impact of Education and Training. Third Report
on Vocational Training Research in Europe: Background Report. Luxembourg: Office for
Official Publication of the European Communities 2004 (Cedefop Reference Series, 54).
http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Files/BgR3_Wilson.pdf (accessed May 21, 2012).
Wong, H. (2004) “Induction Programs That Keep New Teachers Teaching and Learning.”
NASSP Bulletin 88 (638): 41-58.
World Bank (2010). Country Brief 2010. Washington, D.C.: Author.
http://go.worldbank.org/VQSCYP1Y50 (accessed May 21, 2012).
World Bank (2009, November 23) Female Labor Force Participation in Turkey: Trends,
Determinants and Policy Framework. Report No. 48508-TR. Washington, D.C.: Author,
Human Development Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TURKEYEXTN/Resources/361711-
1268839345767/Female_LFP-en.pdf (accessed May 22, 2012).
World Bank. (2011 ) Improving the Quality and Equity of Basic Education in Turkey.
Challenges and Options. Chapter 3. Teachers.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/TURKEYEXTN/Resources/361711-
1216301653427/5218036-1326807255367/EducationQualityReport2011-en.pdf (accessed
May 22, 2012).
World Bank (2005) Turkey education sector study: Sustainable pathways to an effective,
equitable and efficient education system for preschool through secondary school education.
Report No.32450-TU. Washington, D.C.: Author.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTURKEY/Resources/361616-
1142415001082/ESS_Main_Report_V1.pdf (accessed May 23, 2012).

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com