QSAR MODELLING OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDES, ANTI-DIABETIC CONSTITUENTS FROM ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (BURM. F.) NESS

1. WHO, Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and
Health, Annual Report, Geneva, Switzerland 1-2
2006.
2. R. A. Greenberg and D. B. Sacks. Screening for
diabetes: is it warranted? Clinica Chimica Acta 315:
61-69 (2002).
3. G. M. Reaven. Role of insulin resistance in human
disease, Diabetes 37: 1595-1607 (1988).
4. Y. M. Kim, Y. K. Jeong, M. H. Wang, W. Y. Lee, H. I.
Rhee. Inhibitory effect of pine extract on alphaglucosidase
activity and postprandial
hyperglycemia, Nutrition 21: 756-761 (2005).
5. M. B. Narkhede, P. V. Ajimire, A. E. Wagh, M. Mohan,
and A. T. Shivashanmugam. In vitro antidiabetic
activity of Caesalpina digyna (R.) methanol root
extract, Asian J Plant Sci. Res., 1: 101-106 (2011).
6. O. L. Franco, D. J. Rigden, F. R. Melo, and M. F.
Grosside-Sa. Plant alpha-amylase inhibitors and
their interaction with insect alpha-amylases, Eur. J.
Biochem. 269: 397-412 (2002).
7. H. P. Rang, and M. M. Dale. The Endocrine System
Pharmacology, 2nd ed. Longman Group Ltd., United
Kingdom, 1991, pp. 504-508.
8. P. B. Anzeveno, L. J. Creemer, J. K. Daniel, C. H. King,
P. S. Liu, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54 pp. 2539.
9. S. Atsumi, C. Nosaka, Y. Ochi, H. Iinuma, K.
Umezawa. Inhibition of experimental metastasis by
an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, 1,6-epicyclophellitol,
Cancer Res. 53: 4896-4899 (1993).
10. H. Shimizu, H. Tsuchie, K. Yoshida, S. Morikawa, T.
Tsuruoka, H. Yamamoto, H. Ushijima, and T.
Kitamura. Inhibitory effect of novel 1-
deoxynojirimycin derivatives on HIV-1 replication,
AIDS 4: 975-979 (1990).
11. P. C. Sharma, M. B. Yelne, and T. J. Dennis. Database
on medicinal plants used in ayurveda, Central
Subhash C. Verma et al., ARPB, 2013; Vol 3 (III) ISSN 2250-0774
(RESEARCH ARTICLE)
457 | P a g e w w w . a r p b . i n f o
Council of Research in Ayurveda and Sciences, New
Delhi, 2002, pp 34-60.
12. J. L. N. Sastry. Dravyaguna Vijnana, Chaukhambha
Orientalia, Varanasi, 2005, pp. 888-890.
13. M. Uniyal. Bihar ke Aadivasi Aevam Zari Butiyan
(Sachitra), Baidnath Ayurved Shodh Sansthan,
Patna (Bihar), 1999, pp. 115-116.
14. M. K. Shastri. Sachitra Loghu Dravyagunadarsh,
Ayurveda Niketan, 121, Supari Bagh Road Parel,
Mumbai-12, 1957, pp. 122.
15. M. Uniyal. Pryogatmak Abhinav Dravyaguna
Vigyanam (Sachitra), Shri Baidnath Ayurved
Bhawan, Patna, 1991, pp. 298-299.
16. S. K. Jain and D. C. Pal. Ethanobotanical research on
Less Known Medicinal Plants in India. In: C.K. Atal
and B.M. Kapur, (eds.), Cultivation and utilization of
medicinal plants, Regional Research Laboratory,
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Jammu-
Tawi, 1982, pp. 538-542.
17. Pattanaik, C. R. Reddy, and M. S. R. Murthy. An
ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by
the Didayi tribe of Malkangiri district of Orissa,
India, Fitoter. 79: 67-71(2008).
18. T. Taki, M. Kuroyanagi, A. Matsumoto, S. Fukushima,
H. Maeda, and M. Sato. Isolation of andrographolide
and its deoxy derivative from Andrographis
paniculata as antitumor agents and pharmaceutical
compositions containing them, J. P. Patent,
63088124 A2, 1988.
19. A. M. Abeysekera, K. T. D. De Silva, W. S. J. Silva, S.
Ratnayake, and R. P. Labadie. Proton and carbon-13
NMR spectral analysis of andrographolide, Fitoter.
59: 501-505 (1988).
20. Y. Zhang, and B. K. H. Tan. Effects of 14-
deoxyandrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-
didehydroandrographolide on nitric oxide
production in cultured human endothelial cells,
Phytother. Res. 13 pp. 157-159 (1999).
21. K. K. Sabu, P. Padmesh, and S. Seeni. Intraspecific
variation in active principle content and isozymes of
Andrographis paniculata (kalmegh): A traditional
hepatoprotective medicinal herb of India, J. Med.
Aromat. Plant Sci. 23: 637-647 (2001).
22. J. A. Murray. The plants and drugs of Sind, 1984, pp.
178-179.
23. S. X. Zhao. Big Dictionary of Traditional Chinese
Medicin, Jiangsu Press: Nanjing, 1992, pp. 1580.
24. S. Gupta, M. A. Choudhry, J. N. S. Yadava, V.
Srivastava, J. S. Tandon. Antidiarrheal activity of
diterpenes of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh)
against Escherichia coli enterotoxin in in vivo
models, Int. J Crude Drug Res., 28: 273-283 (1990).
25. W. L. Deng. Antiinflammatory agents from
traditional Chinese drugs, Drug. fut. 15: 809-816
(1990).
26. P. Misra, N. L. Pal, P. Y. Guru, J. C. Katiyar, V.
Srivastava, J. S. Tandon. Anti-malarial activity of
Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) against
Plasmodim berghei NK 65 in Mastomy natalensis,
Int. J. Pharmacogn. 30: 263-274 (1992).
27. N. A. R. N. Najib, T. Furuta, S. Kojima, K. Takane, and
M. M. Ali. Antimalarial activity of extract of
Malaysian medicinal plants, J. Ethnopharmocol. 64:
249-254 (1999)
28. A. Puri, A. Saxena, R. P. Saxena, K. C. Saxena, V.
Srivastava, J. S. Tandon. Immunostimulant agents
from Andrographis paniculata, J. Nat. Prod. 56: 995-
999 (1993).
29. B. R. Choudhury, S. J. Haque, and M. K. Poddar. In
vivo and in vitro effects of kalmegh (Andrographis
paniculata) extract and andrographolide on hepatic
microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes, Planta
Med. 53: 135-140 (1987).
30. H. Y. Zhao, and W.Y. Fang. Antithrombotic effects of
Andrographis paniculata Nees in preventing
myocardial infarction, Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 104:
770-775 (1991).
31. B. A. S. Reyes, N. D. Bautista, N. C. Tanquilut, R. V.
Anunciado, A. B. Leung, G. C. Sanchez, R. L. Magtoto,
P. Castronuevo, H. Tsukamura, and K. I. Maeda. Antidiabetic
potentials of Momordica charantia and
Andrographis paniculata and their effects on
estrous cyclicity of alloxan-induced diabetic rats, J.
Ethn. Pharma. 105: 196-200 (2006).
32. X. F. Zhang, and B. K. Tan. Antihyperglycaemic and
anti-oxidant properties of Andrographis paniculata
in normal and diabetic rats, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol.
Physiol. 27:358-363 (2000).
33. X. F. Zhang, and B. K. Tan. Anti-diabetic property of
ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata in
streptozotocin-diabetic rats, Acta Pharmacol. Sin.
21: 1157-1164 (2000).
34. H. Rafidah, H. P. Azimahtol, N. Meenakshii.
Screening for antihyperglycaemic activity in several
local herbs of Malaysia, J. Ethnopharmacol. 95:205-
208 (2004).
35. P. Siripong, B. Kongkathip, K. Preechanukool, P.
Picha, K. Tunsuwan, and Taylor W. C., J. Sci. Soc.
Thailand, 1992, 18, pp. 187.
36. G. F. Dai, H. W. Xu, J. F. Wang, F. W. Liu, and H. M.
Liu. Studies on the novel alpha-glucosidase
inhibitory activity and structure-activity
relationships for andrographolide analogues,
Bioorgan. Med. Chem., 16: 2710-2713 (2006).
Subhash C. Verma et al., ARPB, 2013; Vol 3 (III) ISSN 2250-0774
(RESEARCH ARTICLE)
458 | P a g e w w w . a r p b . i n f o
37. H. W. Xu, G. F. Dai, G. Z. Liu, J. F. Wang, and H. M. Liu.
Synthesis of andrographolide derivatives: A new
family of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, Bioorgan.
Med. Chem., 15: 4247-4255 (2007).
38. M. Karlson. Molecular Descriptors in QSAR/QSPR, J.
Wiley & Son, New York, 2000.
39. J. Devilliers. Comparative QSAR, Taylor and Francis,
Washington (DC), 1998.
40. Sanz, J. Giraldo, and F. Manaut. QSAR and Molecular
Modeling. Concepts; Computational Tools and
Biological Applications, Pooles Science, Barcelona
(SP), 1995.
41. H. Kubinyi. QSAR: Hansch Analysis and Related
Approaches, VCH, Weinheim (GER) 1995.
42. M. Randic. On characterization of cyclic structures, J.
Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 37: 1063-1071 (1997).
43. T. Pisanski, D. Plavsic, and M. Randic. On numerical
characterization of cyclicity, J. Chem. Inf. Comput.
Sci. 40: 520-523 (2000).
44. A. T. Balaban. Topological indices based on
topological distances in molecular graphs, In: Pure
& Appl. Chem., 1983, pp. 199-206.
45. P. Politzer. A relationship between the charge
capacity and the hardness of neutral atoms and
groups, J. Chim. Phys. 86: 1072-1073 (1987).
46. Y.K. Kang, and M.S. Jhon. Additivity of atomic static
polarizabilities and dispersion coefficients, Theor.
Chim. Acta, 61: 41-48 (1982).
47. K.J. Miller. Additivity methods in molecular
polarizability, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112: 8533-8542
(1990).
48. K. T. No, K. H. Cho, M. S. Jhon, H. A. Scheraga. An
empirical method to calculate average molecular
polarizabilities from the dependence of effective
atomic polarizabilities on net atomic charge, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 115: 2005-2014 (1993).