MALASSEZİA TÜRLERİ: TAKSONOMİ, MİKOLOJİ, İMMUNOLOJİ, PATOGENEZ,VÜCUTTAKİ DAĞILIMI VE İLİŞKİLİ İNFEKSİYONLAR, LABORATUVAR TANIMI,ANTİFUNGALLERE DUYARLILIĞI
1. Faergeman J. Lipophylic yeasts in skin disease. Semin
Dermatol 1985; 4: 173-184.
2. Faergeman J. Ptyrosporum species as a cause of allergy
and infection. Allergy 1999; 54: 413-419.
3. Gordon MA. The lipophilic mycoflora of the skin.
Mycologia 1951; 43: 524-534.
4. Ashbee HR, Evans EGV. Immunology of diseases
associated with Malassezia species. Clin Microbiol Rev
2002; 15: 21-57.
5. Kessler AT, Kourtis AP, Simon N. Peripheral
thromboembolism associated with Malassezia furfur
sepsis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002; 21: 356-7.
6. Barber GR, Brown AE, Kiehn TE, Edwards EF,
Armstrong D. Catheter related Malassezia furfur
fungemia in immunocompromised patients. Am J Med
1993; 95: 365-370.
7. Crespo MJ, Abarca ML, Cabanes FJ. Atypical lipid
dependent Malassezia species isolated from dogs with
otitis externa. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 2383-2385.
8. Faergeman J, Aly R, Mibach HI. Quantitative variations
in distribution of Pityrosporum orbiculare on clinically
normal skin. Acta Dermato-Venerol 1983; 63: 346-348.
9. Leeming JP, Notman FH, Holland KT. The distribution
and ecology of Malassezia furfur and cutaneous bacteria
in human skin. J Appl Bacteriol 1989; 67: 47-52.
10. Gupta AK, Kohli Y. Prevalence of Malassezia species on
various body sites in clinically healthy subjects
representing different age groups. Med Mycol. 2004; 42:
35-42.
11. Roberts SOB. Pityrosporum orbiculare: incidence and
distribution on clinically normal skin. Br J Dermatol
1969; 81: 264-269.
12. Faergeman J, Fredriksson T. Age incidence of
Pityrosporum orbiculare on human skin. Acta Dermatol-
Venerol 1980; 60: 531-533.
13. Leeming JP, Notman FH. Improved methods for isolation
and enumeration of Malassezia furfur from human skin. J
Clin Microbiol 1987; 25: 2017-2019.
14. Midgley G. The diversity of Pityrosporum (Malassezia)
yeasts in vivo and in vitro. Mycopathologia 1989; 106:
143-155.
15. Unat EK, Yücel A. Tıp mikolojisi. Unat E, Yücel A,
Altaş K, Samastı M (ed). Unat’ın Tıp Parazitolojisi’nde.
İnsanın Ökaryonlu Parazitleri ve Bunlarla Bulaşan
Hastalıkları’nda. Beşinci baskı. İstanbul, Cerrahpaşa Tıp
Fak. Vakfı Yayınları; 15; 1995: 700-766.
16. Lodder J. The Yeasts. A Taxonomic Study. Amsterdam:
North Holland Publishing Co, 1979: 1167- 1186.
17. Kwon Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Medical Mycology.
Philadelphia; Lea and Fabinger, 1992: 170-182.
18. Dorn M, Roehnert K. Dimorphism of Pityrosporum
orbiculare in a defined culture medium. J Investig
Dermatol 1977; 69: 244-248.
19. Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Caprilli F. Induction of
hyphae in cultures in Pityrosporum by cholesterol and
cholesterol esters. J Investig Dermatol 1977; 69: 531-534.
20. Salkin F, Gordon MA. Polymorphism of Malassezia
furfur. Can J Microbiol 1977; 23: 471-475.
21. Simmons RB, Gueho E.A new species of Malassezia.
Mycol Res 1990; 94: 1146-1149.
22. Cunningham AC, Leeming JP, Ingham E, Gowland G.
Differentiation of three serovars of Malassezia furfur. J
Appl Bacteriol 1990; 68: 439-446.
23. Akın A. Ptyrosporum orbiculare (Malassezia furfur)’nin
üretimi üzerine araştırmalar. Uzmanlık tezi. Trakya
Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı,
1983.
CERRAHPAŞA TIP DERGİSİ Cilt (Sayı) 36 (3)
148
24. Okan G. Atopik dermatitin baş boyun lokalizasyonlarında
Pityrosporum ovale’nin rolü. Uzmanlık tezi. İstanbul
Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dermatoloji Anabilim Dalı,
1998.
25. Hergenç Hİ. Malassezia furfur ile klinik arasındaki uyum
ile bazı azol bileşiklerine karşı duyarlılığın belirlenmesi.
Yüksek lisans tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi
Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, 2001.
26. Guillot J, Gueho E. The diversity of Malassezia yeasts
confirmed by rRNA sequence and nuclear DNA
comparisons. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 1995; 67: 297-314.
27. Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J. The genus Malassezia
with description of four new species. Antonie
Leeuwenhoek 1996; 69: 337-355.
28. Gupta AK, Kohli Y, Summerbell RC. Molecular
differentiation of seven Malassezia species. J Clin
Microbiol 2000; 38: 1869-1875.
29. Ahern DG, Simmons RB. Malassezia Baillon. CP
Kutzman, Fell JW (eds). The Yeasts-a taxonomic study,
4th ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1998:782-
784.
30. Kano R, Aizawa T, Nakamura Y, Watanabe S, Hasegawa
A. Chitin synthase 2 gene sequence of Malassezia
species. Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43: 813-815.
31. Makimura K, Tamura y, Kudo M, Uchida K, Saito H,
Yamaguchi H. Species identification and strain typing of
Malassezia species stock strains and clinical isolates
based on the DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal
internal transcribed spacer 1 regions. J Med Microbiol
2000; 49: 29-35.
32. Sugita T, Kodama M, Saito M, Ito T, Kato Y, Tsuboi R,
Nishikawa A. Sequence diversity of the intergenic spacer
region of the rRNA geneof Malassezia globosa
colonizing the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis and
healthy individuals. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 3022-
3027.
33. Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, Suto H, Unno T,
Tsuboi R, Ogawa H, Nishikawa A. New yeast species,
Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic
dermatitis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1363-1367.
34. Sugita T, Takashima M, Kodama M, Tsuboi R,
Nishikawa A. Description of a new yeast species,
Malassezia japonica, and its detection in patients with
atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects. J Clin Microbiol
2003; 41: 4695-4699.
35. Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K, Duarte ER, Hamdan JS,
Lachance MA, Yamaguchi H, Hasegawa A. Malassezia
nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species
isolated from animals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004;
54: 623-627.
36. Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M, Amaya M, Saito M,
Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A. Anew yeast, Malassezia
yamatoensis, isolation from a patient with seborrheic
dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy
subjects. Microbiol immunol 2004; 48: 579-583.
37. Saadatzadeh MR, Ashbee HR, Holland KT, Ingham E.
Production of mycelial phase of Malassezia species in
vitro. Med Mycol 2001; 39: 487-493.
38. Gueho E, Midgley G, Guillot J. The genus Malassezia
with description of four new species. Antonie
Leeuwenhoek 1996; 69: 337-355.
39. Hoog GS, Guarro J, Gené J, Figueras MJ (ED). Atlas of
Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed.Centraalbureau voor
Schimmelcultures/Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus,
Spain. 2000: 144-155.
40. Faergemann J. Atopic dermatitis and fungi. Clin
Microbiol Rev 2002; 15: 543-563.
41. Guillot J, Gueho E, Lesourd M, Midgley G, Chevriér G,
Dupont B. Identification of Malassezia species. J Mycol
Med 1996; 6: 103-110.
42. Mittag H. Fine structural investigations of Malassezia
furfur. II. The envelope of the yeast cells. Mycoses 1995;
38: 13-21.
43. Mayser P, Imkampe A, Winkeler M, Papvassilis C.
Growth requirements and nitrogen metabolism of
Malassezia furfur. Arch Dermatol Res 1998; 290: 277-
282.
44. Faergeman J, Bernander S. Microaerophylic and
anaerobic growth of Pityrosporum species. Sabouradia
1981; 19: 117-121.
45. Mayser P, Tows A, Kramer HJ, Weiss R. Mycoses.
Further characterization of pigment-producing
Malassezia strains.2004; 47: 34-39.
46. Catteral MD, Ward ME, Jacobs P. A reappraisal of the
role of Pityrosporum orbiculare in pityriasis versicolor
and the significance of extracellular lipase. J Investig
Dermatol 1978; 71: 398-401.
47. Marples RR, Downing DT, Kligman AM. Influence of
Pityrosporum species in the generation of free fatty acids
in human surface lipid. J Invest Dermatol 1972; 58: 155-
159.
48. Ran Y, Yoshike T, Ogawa H. Lipase of M.furfur, some
properties and their relationship to cell growth. J Med Vet
Mycol 1993; 31: 77-85.
49. Rider ED, Christensen RD, Hall DC, Rothstein G.
Myeloperoxidase deficiency in neutrophils of neonates. J
Pediatr 1988; 112: 648-651.
50. Leeming JP, Holland KT, Bojar RA. The in vitro
antimicrobial effect of azalaic acid. Br J Dermatol 1996;
115: 351-356.
51. Brasch J, Christophers E. Azalaic acid has antimycotic
properties in vitro. Dermatology 1993; 186: 55-58.
52. Huang X, Johnson SGE, Zargari A, Nordval SL. Allergen
cross reactivity between Pityrosporum orbiculare and
Candida albicans. Allergy 1995; 50: 648-656.
Temmuz-Eylül 2005 MALASSEZİA TÜRLERİ; KANTARCIOĞLU VE YÜCEL
149
53. Jensen-Jarolim E, Poulsen LK, With H, Kieffer M,
Ottevanger V, Skov PS. Atopic dermatitis of the face,
scalp and neck: type I reaction to the yeast Pityrosporum
ovale? J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89: 44-51.
54. Johnsson S, Karlstrom K. IgE binding components in
Pityrosporum orbiculare identified by an immunoblotting
technique. Acta Dermato-Venerol 1991; 71: 11-16.
55. Lintu P, Savoloinen J, Kalimo K. IgE antibodies to
protein and mannan antigens of Pityrosporum ovale in
atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27: 87-95.
56. Nissen D, Petersen LJ, Esch R, Svejgaard E, Skov PS,
Poulsen LK, Nolte H. IgE sensitization to cellular and
culture filtrates of fungal extracts in patients with atopic
dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 81: 247-
255.
57. Savolainen J,Broberg A. Cross reacting IgE antibodies to
Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans in atopic
children. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22: 469-474.
58. Schmidt M, Zargari A, Holt P, Lindbom L, Hellman U,
Whitley P, van der Ploeg I, Harfast B, Scheynius A. The
compleete cDNA sequence and expression of the first
major allogenic protein of Malassezia furfur, Mal f1.
Euro J Biochem 1997; 246: 181-185.
59. Ysueda H,Hashida-Okado T, Saito A, Uchida K, Kuroda
M, Onishi Y, Takashi K, Yamaguchi H, Takesako K,
Akiyama K. Identification and clonning of two novel
allergens from the lipophylic yeast, Malassezia furfur.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 248: 240-244.
60. Onishi Y, Kuroda M, Yasueda H, Saito A, Sono-Koyoma
E, Tunasawa S, Hashida-Okado T, Yagihara T, Uchida
K, Yamaguchi H, Akiyama K, Kato I, Takesako K. Twodimensional
electrophoresis of Malassezia allergens for
atopic dermatitis and isolation of Mal f4 homologs with
mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Eur J Biochem
1999; 261: 148-154.
61. Lindborg M, Magnusson CGM, Zargari A, Schmidt M,
Scheynius A, Cramery R, Whitley P.Selective cloning of
allergens from the skin colonizing yeast Malassezia
furfur by phage surface display. J Investig Dermatol
1999; 113: 156-161.
62. Koyama T, Kanbe T, Ishiguro A, Kikuchi A, Tomita Y.
Isolation and characterization of a major antigenic
component of Malassezia globosa to IgE antibodies in
sera of patients with atopic dermatitis. Microbiol
Immunol 2000; 44: 373-379.
63. Doekes G, Kaal MJH, van Ieperen-VAN Dijk AG.
Allergens of Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans.
II. Physiochemical characterization. Allergy 1993; 48:
401-408.
64. Doekes G, van Ieperen-VAN Dijk AG. Allergens of
Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans. I. Crossreactivity
of IgE-binding. Components. Allergy 1993; 48:
394-400.
65. Belew PW, Rosenberg EW, Jennings BR. Activation of
the alternative pathway of complement by Malassezia
ovalis (Pityrosporum ovale). Mycopathologia 1980; 70:
187-191.
66. Sohnle PG, Collins-Lech. Activation of complement by
Pityrosporum orbiculare. J Investig Dermatol 1983; 80:
93-97.
67. Suzuki T, Ohno N, Ohshima Y. Activation of
complement system, alternative and classical pathways,
by Malassezia furfur. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 1998; 3:
133-136.
68. Dovezenski N, Billetta R, Gigli I. Expression and
localization of proteins of the complement system in
human skin. J Clin Investig 1992; 90: 2000-2012.
69. Pierard-Franchimort C, Arrese JE, Pierard GE.
Immunohistochemical aspects of the link between
Malassezia ovalis and seborrhoeic dermatitis. J Eur Acad
Dermato Venerol 1995; 4: 14-19.
70. Furukawa F, Danno K, Imamura S, Soh Y. Histological
and serological studies of P.orbiculare in cases of
pityriasis versicolor. J Dermatol 1981; 8: 27-30.
71. Vonk AG, Wielend CW, Netea MG, Kullberg BJ.
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida
albicans blastoconidia by neutrophils and macrophages: a
comparison of different microbiological test systems. J
Microbiol Methods. 2002; 49: 55-62.
72. Suzuki T, Ohno N, Ohshima Y, Yadomae T. Soluble
mannan and beta-glucan inhibit the uptake of Malassezia
furfur by human monocytic cell line, THP-1. FEMS
Immunol Med Microbiol 1998; 21: 223-230.
73. Suzuki T, Tsuzuki A, Ohno N, Ohshima Y, Yadomae T.
Enhancement of IL-8 production from human monocytic
and granulocytic cell lines, THP-1 and HL-60, stimulated
with Malassezia furfur. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol
2000; 28: 157-162.
74. Kesavan S, Holland KT, Ingham E. The effect of lipid
extraction on the immunomodulatory activity of
Malassezia species in vitro. Med Mycol 2000; 38: 97-
106.
75. Tracey KJ, Lowry SF. The role of cytokine mediators in
septic shock. Adv Surg 1990; 23: 21-56.
76. Heumann D, Barras C, Severin A, Glaser MP, Tomasz A.
Gram positive cell walls stimulate synthesis of tumor
necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by human
monocytes. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 2715-2721.
77. Jeremias J, Kalo-Klein A, Witkin SS. Individual
differences in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1
production induced by viable and heat-killed Candida
albicans. J Vet Med Mycol 1991; 29: 157-163.
78. Taramelli D, Malabarba MG, Sala G, Basilico G,
Cocuzza G. Production of cytokines by alveolar and
peritoneal macrophages stimulated by Aspergillus
fumigatus conidia or hyphae. J Vet Med Mycol 1996; 34:
49-56.
CERRAHPAŞA TIP DERGİSİ Cilt (Sayı) 36 (3)
150
79. Vecchiarelli A, Retini C, Pietrella D, Monari C, Tascini
C, Beccari T, Kozel TR. Downregulation by cryptococcal
polysaccharide of tumor necrosis alpha and interleukin 1
beta secretion from human monocytes. Infect Immun
1995; 63: 2919-2923.
80. Cross CE, Bankroft GJ. Ingestion of acapsular
Cryptococcus neoformans occurs viia mannose and betaglucan
receptors, resulting in cytokine production and
increased phagocytosis of the encapsulated form. Infect
Immun 1995; 63: 2604-2611.
81. Akamatsu H, Komura J, Asada Y, Miyachi Y, Niwa Y.
Inhibitory effect of azalaic acid on neutrophyl functions:
a possible cause for its efficacy in treating
pathogenetically unrelated diseases. Arch Dermatol Res
1991; 28: 162-166.
82. Brasch J, Martens H, Sterry W. Langerhans cell
accumulation in chronic tinea pedis and pityriasis
versicolor. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993; 18: 329-332.
83. Berk SH, Penneys NS, Weinstein G. Epidermal activity
in annular dermatophytosis. Arch Dermatol 1976112;
485-488.
84. Wagner DK, Sohnle PG. Cutaneous defence mechanisms
against fungi. Basic Clin Dermatol 1997; 12: 161-189.
85. Davies RR, Zaini F. Trichophyton rubrum and the
chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Sabouradia
1984; 22: 65-71.
86. Bibel DJ, Aly R, Shah S, Shinefield HR. Sphingosines:
antimicrobial barriers of the skin. Acta Dermatol-Venerol
1993; 73: 407-411.
87. Kashima M, Takashi H, Shimozuma M, Epstein WI,
Fukuyama K. Candidacidal activities of proteins partially
purifed from rat epidermis. Infect Immun 1989; 57: 186-
190.
88. Artis WM, Patrisky E, Rastinejard F, Duncan RI.
Fungistatic mechanisms of human transferrin for
Rhizopus oryzae and Trichophyton mentagrophytes:
alternative to simple iron depletion. Infect Immun 1983;
41: 1269-1276.
89. King RD, Khan HA, Foye JC, Greenberg JH, Jones JE.
Transferrin, iron and dermatophytes. I. Serum
dermatophyte inhibitory component definitely identified
as unsaturated transferrin. J Lab Clin Med 1975; 86: 204-
212.
90. Forstrom L, Goldstyne ME, Winkelmann RK. IgE in
human eccrine sweat. J Investig Dermatol 1975; 64: 156-
157.
91. Page CO, Remington JS. Immunologic studies in normal
human sweet. J Lab Clin Med 1967; 69: 634-650.
92. Sohnle PG,Collins-Lech C, Huhta KE. Class specific
antibodies in young and aged humans against organisms
producing superficial infections. Br J Dermatol 1983;
108: 69-76.
93. Bergbrant IM, Faergeman J. Variations of Pityrosporum
orbiculare in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Acta
Dermatol-Venerol 1988, 68: 537-540.
94. Faggi E, Pini G, Campisi E, Gargani G. Anti-Malassezia
furfur antibodies in the population. Mycoses 1998; 41:
273-275.
95. Koranda FC, Dehmel EA, Kahn G, Penn I. Cutaneous
complications in immunosuppressed renal homograft
recipients. JAMA 1974; 229: 419-424.
96. Boardman CR, Malkinson FD. Tinea versicolor in
steroid-treated patients. Arch Dermatol 1962; 85: 84-92.
97. Bulfill JA, Lum LG, Caya CG, Chitambar CR, Ritch PS,
Anderson T, Ash RC. Pityrosporun folliculitis after bonemarrow
transplantation. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 560-
563.
98. Coldiron B M, Bergstresser PR. Prevalence and clinical
spectrum of skin disease in patients infected with HIV.
Arch Dermatol 1989; 125: 357-361.
99. Eisenstat BA, Wormser GP. Seborrhoeic dermatitis and
butterfly rash in AIDS. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 189.
100. Farthing CF, Staughton RCD, Rowland Payne CME.
Skin disease in homosexual patients with AIDS and
lesser forms for human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV III)
disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 1985; 10: 3-12.
101. Mathes BM, Douglass MC. Seborrhoeic dermatitis in
patients with acquired immunodefficiency syndrome. J
Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 13: 947-951.
102. Smith KJ, Skelton HG, Yeager J, Ledsky R, McCarthy
W, Baxter D, Wagner KF. Cutaneous findings in HIV-1
positive patients: a 42 month prospective study. J Am
Acad Dermatol 1994; 31: 746-754.
103. Vidal C, Girard PM, Dompmartin D, Bosson JL, Met C,
Groslambert P, Coulaud JP, Amblard P. Seborrhoeic
dermatitis and HIV infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;
23: 1106-1110.
104. Rippon JW. Medical mycology. Third edition.
Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 1988: 154-159.
105. De Luca C, Picardo M, Breathnach A, Passi S.
Lipoperoxidase activity of Pityrosporum: characterisation
of by-products and possible role in pityriasis versicolor.
Exp Dermatol. 1996; 5: 49-56.
106. Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Picardo M, Mercantini R,
Breathnach AS. Lipoxygenase activity of Pityrosporum
in vitro and in vivo. Exp Dermatol. 1996 ; 5: 49-56.
107. Allen HB, Charles CR, Johnson BL. Hyperpigmented
tinea versicolor. Arch Dermatol 1976, 112: 1110-1112.
108. Charles CR, Sire DJ, Johnson BL, Beidler JG.
Hypopigmentation in tinea versicolor: a histochemical
and electromicroscopic study. Int J Dermatol 1973; 12:
48-58.
Temmuz-Eylül 2005 MALASSEZİA TÜRLERİ; KANTARCIOĞLU VE YÜCEL
151
109. Ghannoum MA. Extracellular phospholipases as
universal virulence factor in pathogenic fungi. Jpn J Med
Mycol 1998; 39: 55-59.
110. Ghannoum MA. Potential role of phospholipases in
virulence and fungal pathogenesis. Clin Microbiol Rev
2000; 13: 122-143.
111. Ener B. Candida infeksiyonlarının patogenezi: Etkenin
rolü. Candida Mikrobiyolojisi ve İnfeksiyonları
Simpozyumu (Eskişehir, 21-22 Haziran 2002).
Tutanaklar. OGÜ Basımevi, 202: 65-70.
112. Kuştimur S. Candida’da virulans faktörleri. Tümbay E,
İnci R, Hilmioğlu S, Aydemir Ş.(Ed). I. Ulusal Mantar
Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikoloji Kongresi. Türk
Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Yayın No. 36. İzmir: Ege
Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1999: 145-150.
113. Yücesoy M, Yuluğ N. Candida türlerinde fosfolipaz
aktivitesinin araştırılması. İnfek Derg 1999; 4: 569-574.
114. Kalkancı A, Kuştimur S, Bozdayı G, Biri A.
Vulvovaginit etkeni Candida suşlarında bazı virulans
faktörleri. Kuştimur S, Kalkancı A (Ed). ). 2. Ulusal
Mantar Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikoloji Kongresi. Türk
Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Yayın No. 39. Ankara Sistem
Ofset, 2001: 239.
115. Yücel A, Kantarcıoğlu AS. Candida albicans
Kökenlerinde Bazı Virülens Faktörlerinin (Fosfolipaz,
Proteaz, Çimlenme Borusu ve Aderens) ve Aralarındaki
Korelasyonun Belirlenmesi. İnfek Derg. 2001; 15: 517-
525.
116. Riciputo RM, Oliveri S, Micali G, Sapuppo
A.Phospholipase activity in Malassezia furfur pathogenic
strains. Mycoses. 1996; 39: 233-235.
117. Coutinho SD, Paula CR. Proteinase, phospholipase,
hyaluronidase and chondroitin-sulphatase production by
Malassezia pachydermatis. Med Mycol. 2000; 38: 73-76.
118. Borgers M, Cauwenbergh G, Van De Ven MA, Del
Palacio Hernanz A, Degreef H. Pityriasis versicolor and
P.ovale. Morphogenetic and ultrastructural
considertations. Int J Dermatol 1987; 26: 586-589.
119. Midgley G, Gueho E, Guillot J. Disease caused by
Malassezia species. Ajello L, Hay RJ (eds). Topley and
Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, vol 4.
Arnold, London, United Kingdom’da 1998; 201-211.
120. Montes LF. Systemic abnormalities and intracellular site
of infections in the stratum corneum. JAMA1970; 213:
1469-1472.
121. Tosti A, Villardita S, Fazzini ML. The parasitic
colonisation of the horny layer in tinea versicolor. J
Investig Dermatol 1972; 59: 233-237.
122. Burkhart CG, Gottwald L. Tinea versicolor. 2002;
http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic423.htm
123. Marcon MJ, Powell DA. Epidemiology, diagnosis and
management of Malassezia furfur systemic infection.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1987; 7: 161-175.
124. Kim EH, Cohen RS, Ramachandran P, Glascock GF.
Adhesion of percutaneously inserted Silastic central
venous lines to the vein wall associated with Malassezia
furfur infection. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993; 17: 458-
460.
125. Powell DA, Marcon MJ, Durrell DE, Pfister RM.
Scanning electron microscopy of M.furfur attachment to
Broviac catheters. Hum Pathol 1987; 18: 740-745.
126. Mittag H. Fine structural investigations of Malassezia
furfur. II. The envelope of the yeast cells. Mycoses 1995;
38: 13-21.
127. Bojar RA, Holland KT. Review: the human cutaneous
microflora and factors controlling colonisation. W J
Microbiol Biotechnol 2002; 18: 889-903.
128. Klotz SA, Drutz DJ, Zajic CE. Factors governing
adherence of Candida species to plastic surfaces. Infect
Immun 1985; 50: 97-101.
129. Al-Fattani MA, Douglas LJ. Penetration of Candida
biofilms by antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother 2004; 48. 3291-3297.
130. Hawser SP, Baillie GS, Douglas J. Production of
extracellular matrix by Candida albicans biofilms. J Med
Micrbiol 1998; 47: 253-256.
131. Powel DA, Marcon MJ, Durrell DE, Pfister RM.
Scanning electron microscopy of M.furfur attachment to
Boviac catheters. Hum Pathol 1987; 18: 740-745.
132. Wurtz RM, Knospe WN. Malassezia furfur fungemia in a
patient without the usual risk factors. Ann Intern Med
1988; 109: 432-433.
133. Leeming JP, Notman FH, Holland KT. The distribution
and echology of Malassezia furfur and cutaneous bacteria
on human skin. J Appl Bacteriol 1989; 67: 47-52.
134. Roberts SOB. Pityrosporum orbiculare: incidence and
distribution on clinically normal skin. Br J Dermatol
1969; 81: 264-269.
135. Bandhaya M. The distribution of Malassezia furfur and
Malassezia pachydermatis on normal human skin. SE
Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1993; 24: 343-346.
136. Korting HC, Loferer S, Hamm N. The detergent scrub
method for quantitative determination of Malassezia
furfur on chest and back: comparative evaluation of three
different media. Mycoses 1991; 34: 267-271.
137. Midgley K. The lipophilic yeasts: state of the art and
prospects. Med Mycol 2000; 38(Suppl 1): 9-16.
138. Aspiroz C, Moreno L-A, Rezusta A, Rubio C.
Differentiation of three biotopes of Malassezia species on
normal human skin. Correspondence with M.globosa,
M.sympodialis and M.restricta. Mycopathologia 1999;
145: 69-74.
139. Nakabayshi A, Sei Y, Guillot J. Identification of
Malassezia species isolated from with seborrhoeic
dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor and
normal subjects. Med Mycol 2000; 38: 337-341.
CERRAHPAŞA TIP DERGİSİ Cilt (Sayı) 36 (3)
152
140. Kim SC, Kim HU. The distribution of Malassezia species
on the normal human skin according to body region. KoR
J Med Mycol 2000; 5: 120-128.
141. Gupta AK, Kohu Y, Faergeman J, Summerbell RC.
Epidemiology of Malassezia yeasts associated with
pityriasis versicolor in Ontario, Canada. Med Mycol
2001; 39: 199-206.
142. Gupta AK, Kohli Y, Summerbell RC, Faergeman J.
Quantitative culture of Malassezia species from different
body sites of individuals with or without dermatosis. Med
Mycol 2001; 39: 243-251.
143. Tarazooie B, Kordbacheh P, Zaini F, Zomorodian K,
Saadat F, Zeraati F, Haalaji Z, Rezaie S. Study of the
distribution of Malassezia species in patients with
pityriasis versicolor and healthy individuals in Tehran,
Iran. BMC Dermatology 2004; 4: 1-6.
144. Cunningham AC, Ingham E, Gowland G. Humoral
responses to Malassezia furfur serovars A, B and C in
normal individuals of various ages. Br J Dermatol 1992;
127: 439-445.
145. PowelL DA, Hayes J, Durrell DE, Miller M, Marcon MJ.
Malassezia furfur skin colonisation of infants
hospitalized in intensive care units. J Pediatr 1987; 111:
217-220.
146. Leeming JP, Sutton TM, Fleming PJ. Neonatal skin as a
reservoir of Malassezia species. Pediatr Infect Dis 1995;
14: 719-720.
147. Ahtonen P, Lehtonen O –P, Kero P, Tunnela E, Havu V.
Malassezia furfur colonisation of neonates in intensive
care unit. Mycoses 1990; 33: 543-547.
148. Ashbee HR, Leck AK, Puntis JWL, Parsons WJ, Evans
EGV. Skin colonization by Malassezia in neonates and
infants. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002; 23: 212-
216.
149. Bell LM, Alpert G, Slight PH, Campos JM. Malassezia
furfur skin colonisation in infancy. Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol 1988; 9: 151-153.
150. Gueho E, Simmons RB, Pruitt WR, Meyer SA, Ahearn
DG. Association of Malassezia pachydermatis with
systemic infections of humans. J Clin Microbiol 1987;
25: 17891790.
151. Larocco MA, Dorenbaum A, Robinson A, Pickering LK.
Recovery of Malassezia pachydermatis from eight infants
in a neonatal intensive care nursery. Clinical and
laboratory features. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7: 398-401.
152. Mickelsen PA, Viano-Paulson MC, Stevens DA, Diaz
PS. Clinical and Microbiological features of infection
with Malassezia pachydermatis in high risk infants. J
Infect Dis 1988; 157: 1163-1168.
153. Welbel SF, McNeil MM, PramaniK A, Siberman R,
Oberle AD, Midgley G, Crow S, Jarvis WR. Nosocomial
Malassezia pachydermatis bloodstream infections in a
neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13:
104-108.
154. Sugita T, Suto H, Unno T, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H, Shinoda
T, Nishikawa A. Molecular analysis of Malassezia
microflora on the skin of atopic dermatitis patients and
healthy subjects. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3486-3490.
155. Romano A, Segal E, Blumenthal M. Canaliculitis with
isolation of Pityrosporum pachydermatis. Br J
Ophthalmol 1978; 62: 732-734.
156. Chang HJ, Miller HL, Watkins N, Arduino MJ, Ashford
DA, Midgley G, Aguero SM, Pinto-Powel R, von Reyn
CF, Edwards W, McNeil MM, Jarvis WR. An epidemic
of Malassezia pachydermatis in an intensive care nursery
associated with colonisation of health care workers’ pet
dogs. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 706-711.
157. Faergeman J, Fredriksson T. Tinea versicolor with regard
to seborrhoeic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1979; 115: 966-
968.
158. Hafez M, El-Shamy S. Genetic susceptibility in pityriasis
versicolor. Dermatologica 1985; 17: 86-88.
159. Gupta AK, Bluhm R, Summerbell R. Pityriasis
versicolor.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002; 16: 19-
33.
160. Hellgren L, Vincent J. The incidence of tinea versicolor
in central Sweden. J Med Microbiol 1983; 16: 501-502.
161. Karaoui R, Bou-Resli M, Al-Zaid NS, Mousa A, Selim
M. Clinical and epidemiological studies of tinea
versicolor in Kuwait. Mykosen 1980; 23: 351-367.
162. Faergemann J, Bernander S. Tinea versicolor and
Pityrosporum orbiculare: a mycological investigation.
Sabouradia 1979; 19: 171-179.
163. Crespo Erchiga V, Ojeda Martos A, Vera Casano A,
Crespo Echica F, Sanchez Fajardo, Guého E. Mycology
of Pityriasis versicolor. J Mycol Med 1999; 9: 143-148.
164. Crespo Erchiga V, Ojeda Martos A, Vera Casano A,
Crespo Echica F, Sanchez Fajardo. Malassezia globosa
as the causative agent of pityriasis versicolor. Br J
Dermatol 2000; 143: 799-803.
165. Gupta AK, Kohli Y, Faergeman J, Summerbell RC.
Epidemiology of Malassezia yeasts associated with
pityriasis versicolor in Ontario, Canada. Med Mycol
2001; 39: 199-206.
166. Nakabayashi A, Sei Y, Guillot J. Identification of
Malassezia species isolated from patients with
seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis
versicolor and normal subjects. Med Mycol 2000; 38:
337-341.
167. Arsic-Arsenijevic V, Milobratovic D, Dzamic A,
Mitrovic S, Radonjic I, Petkovic L, Kranjcic-Zec I. First
case of Malassezia globosa isolation in Serbia. Srp Arh
Celok Lek. 2003; 131: 454-7.
168. Shuster S. The aetiology of dandruff and the mode of
action of therapeutic agents. Br J Dermatol 1984; 111:
235-242.
Temmuz-Eylül 2005 MALASSEZİA TÜRLERİ; KANTARCIOĞLU VE YÜCEL
153
169. Gueho E, Boeckhout T, Ashbee HR, Guillot J, Van
Belkurn A, Faergeman J. The role of Malassezia species
in the ecology of human skin and as pathogens. Med
Mycol 1998; 36(Suppl 1): 220-229.
170. Faergeman J, Johansson S, Back O, Scheynius A. An
immunological and cultural study of Pityrosporum
folliculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol; 1986; 14: 429-433.
171. Ford GP, Ive FA, Midgley G. Pityrosporum folliculitis
and ketoconazole. Br J Dermatol 1982; 107: 691-695.
172. Potter BS, Burgoon CF, Johnson WC. Pityrosporum
folliculitis. Arch Dermatol 1973; 107: 388-391.
173. Wollenberg A, Bicher T. Atopic dermatitis: From the
genes to skin lesions. Allergy 2000; 55: 205-213.
174. Sugita T, Saito M, Ito T, Kato Y, Tsuboi R, Takeuchi S,
Nishikawa A. The basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus
diffluens and C.liquefaciens colonize the skin of patients
with atopic dermatitis. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 47:
945-950.
175. Fine A, Churchill D, Gault H, Furdy P. Pityrosporum
pacydermatis peritonitis in CAPD patient on long-term
intraperitoneal antibiotics. Periton iall Bull 1983; 3: 108-
109.
176. Gidding H, Hawes L, Dwyer B. The isolation of M.furfur
from an episode of peritonitis. Med J Aust 1989; 151:
653.
177. Johnson AS, Bailey E, Wright PA, Solomon L.
Malassezia furfur: a possible cause of culture negative
CAPD-peritonitis. Periton Dial Int 1996; 16: 187-188.
178. Dahms BB, Halpin TC Jr. Pulmonary arterial lipid
deposit in newborn infants receiving intravenous lipid
infusion. J Pediatr 1980; 97: 800-805
179. Friedman Z, Marks KH, Maisels MJ, Thorson R, Naeye
R. Effect of parenteral fat emulsions on the pulmonary
and reticuloendothelial system in the newborn infant.
Pediatrics 1978; 61: 694-698.
180. Levene ML, Wigglesworth JS, Desai R. Pulmonary fat
accumulation after intralipid infusion in the preterm
infant. Lancet 1980; 18: 815-818.
181. Redline RW, Dahms BB. Malassezia pulmonary
vasculitis in an infant on long term intralipid therapy. N
Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1395-1398.
182. Alpert G, Bell LM, Campos JM. Malassezia furfur
fungemia in infancy. Clin Pediatr 1987; 26: 528-531.
183. Athar MA, Stafford L. Malassezia fungemia. A case
report. Can J Infect Control 1993; 8: 63-64.
184. Azimi PH, Levernier K, Lefrak LM, Petru AM, Barrett T,
Schenck A, Sandhu AS, Duritz G, Valesco M. Malassezia
furfur: a cause of occlusion of percutaneous central
venous catheters in infants in the intensive care nursery.
Pediatr Infect Dis 1988; 7: 100-103.
185. Danker WH, Spector SA, Fiere RJ, Davis CE. Malassezia
fungemia in neonates and adults: Complication of
hyperalimentation. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: 743-753.
186. Long JG, Keyserling HL. Catheter-related infection in
infants due to an unusual lipophylic yeast-Malassezia
furfur. Pediatrics 1985; 76: 896-900.
187. Nicholls JM, Juen KY, Saing H. Malassezia furfur
infection in a neonate. Br J Hosp 1993; 49: 425-427.
188. Powel DA, Aungst J, Snedden S, Hansen N, Brady M.
Boviac catheter-related M furfur sepsis in 5 infants
receining IV fat emulsions. J Pediatr 1984; 105: 987-990.
189. Powell DA, Brady MT. Malassezia furfur sepsis in
neonates-reply. J Pediatr 1985; 107: 644.
190. Powell DA, Redline RW, Redline SS, Boxerbaum B,
Dahms BB. Systemic M furfur infections in patients
receiving intralipid therapy. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 815-
822.
191. Richet HM, McNeil MM, Edwards MC, Jarvis VR.
Cluster of Malassezia furfur pulmonary infections in a
neonatal intensive-care unit. J Clin Microbiol. 1989; 39:
1197-1200.
192. Shek YH, Tucker MC, Viciana AL, Manz HJ, Connor
DH. Malassezia furfur-disseminated infection in
premature infants. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 92: 595-603.
193. Sizun J, Karangwa A, Giroux JD, Masure O, Simitzis
AM, Alix D, De Parscau L. Malassezia furfur related
colonization and infection of central venous catheters.
Intensive Care Med 1994; 20: 496-499.
194. Surmont I, Gavilanes A, Vandepitte J, Devlieger H,
Eggermont E. Malassezia furfur fungemia in infants
receiving intravenous lipid emulsions. A rarity or just
underestimated? Eur J Pediatr 1989; 148: 435-438.
195. Weiss SJ, Scoch PJ, Cunha BA. Malassezia furfur
fungemia associated with central venous catheter lipid
emulsion infusion. Heart Lung 1991; 20: 87-90.
196. Hruszkewycz V, Holtrop PC, Batton DG, Morden RS,
Gibson P, Band JD. Complications associated with
central venous catheters inserted in critically ill neonates.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991; 12: 544-548.
197. Peripheral thromboembolism associated with Malassezia
furfur sepsis. Kessler AT, Kourtis AP, Simon N. Pediatr
Infect Dis J. 2002; 21: 356-7.
198. Malassezia pachydermatis fungaemia in a neonatal
intensive care unit. Chryssanthou E, Broberger U, Petrini
B. Acta Paediatr. 2001; 90: 323-7.
199. Barber GR, Brown AE, Kiehn TE, Edwards FF,
Armstrong D. Carheter-related Malassezia furfur
fungemia in immunocompromised patients. Am J Med
1993; 95: 365-370.
200. Brooks R, Brown L. Systemic infection with Malassezia
furfur in an adult receiving long-term hyperalimentation
therapy. J Infect Dis 1987; 156: 410-411.
CERRAHPAŞA TIP DERGİSİ Cilt (Sayı) 36 (3)
154
201. Garcia CR, Johnston BL, Corvi G, Walker LJ, George
WL. Intravenous catheter-associated Malassezia furfur
fungemia. Am J Med 1987; 83: 790-792.
202. Hassal E, Ulich T, Ament ME. Pulmonary embolus and
Malassezia pulmonary infection related to urokinase
therapy. J Pediatr 1983; 102. 722-725.
203. Masure O, Leostic C, Abalain ML, Chastel C, Yakoub-
Agha I, Berthou C, Briere J. Malassezia furfur septicemia
in a child with leukemia. J Infect 1991; 23: 335-336.
204. Middleton C, Lowenthal RM. Malassezia furfur
fungemia as a treatable cause of obscure fever in
leukemia patient receiving parenteral nutrition. Aust N Z
J Med 1987; 17: 603-605.
205. Powell DA, Marcon MJ. Failure to eradicate Malassezia
furfur Broviac catheter infection with antifungal therapy.
Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6: 579-580.
206. Schleman KA, Tullis G, Blum R. Intracardiac mass
complicating Malassezia furfur fungemia. Chest 2000;
118: 1828-1829.
207. Shparago NI, Bruno PP, Bennett J. Systemic Malassezia
furfur infection in an adult receiving total parenteral
nutrition. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1995; 95: 375-377.
208. Chu CM, Lai RWM. HKMJ 2002; 8: 212-214.
209. Lyons R, Woods G. Comparison of the BacT/Alert and
Isolator blood culture systems for recovery of fungi. Am
J Clin Pathol 1995; 103: 660-662.
210. Nelson SC, Yau YCV, Richardson SE, Matlow AG.
Improoved detection of Malassezia species in lipidsupplemented
Peds Plus blood culture bottles. J Clin
Microbiol 1995; 33: 1005-1007.
211. Reimer LG, Wilsn ML, Weinstein MP. Update on
detection of bacteremia and fungemia. Clin Microbiol
Rev 1997; 10: 444-445.
212. Brandt ME, Benjamin LE, Steinkraus GE. Diagn
Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003; 46: 73-5. Pseudooutbreak of
Candida versatilitis fungemia in a microbiology
laboratory.
213. Hammer KA, Riley TV. Precipitate production by some
Malassezia species on Dixon's agar. Med Mycol. 2000;
38: 105-107.
214. Bergbrant IM, Broberg A. Pityrosporum ovale culture
from forehead of healthy children. Acta Dermato-Venerol
1994; 74: 260-261.
215. National Committee for Laboratory Reference Method
for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing for
Yeasts. Approved Standard; Document M27-A National
Committee for Laboratory Standards.Villanova, 1997.
216. Garau M, Pereiro M Jr, del Palacio A. In vitro
susceptibilities of Malassezia species to a new triazole,
Albaconazole (UR-9825), and other antifungal
compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:
2342-2344.
217. Schmidt A, Rühl-Hörster B. In vitro susceptibility of
Malassezia furfur against azole compounds. Mycoses
1996; 39: 309312.
218. Nenoff P, Haustein UF. In vitro susceptibility teting of
Malassezia furfur against rilopirox. Skin Pharmacol
1997; 10: 275-280.
219. Nenoff P, Oswald U, Haustein U-F. In vitro susceptibility
of yeasts for fluconazole and itraconazole. Evaluation of
a microdilution test. Mycoses 1999; 42: 629-639.
220. Marcon MJ, Durrell DE, Powell DA, Buesching WJ. In
vitro activity of systemic antifungal agents against
Malassezia furfur. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;
31: 951-953.
221. Biodisk AB. E Test technical guide No.4. Antifungal
susceptibility testing of yeasts. AB Biodisk, Dalwagen,
Sweden.
222. Kantarcıoğlu AS, Yücel A. Candida, Cryptococcus,
Trichosporon ve Malassezia spp Kökenlerinin
Antifungallere Duyarlılıklarının Belirlenmesinde
Mikrodilüsyon ve E test Yöntemlerinin Referans
Makrodilüsyon Yöntemi ile Karşılaştırılması. Türkiye
Parazitol Derg 2002; 26, 76-83.
223. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In vitro activities of
ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, and Melaleuca
alternifolia (tea tree) oil against Malassezia
species.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 ; 44: 467-9.
224. Nakamura Y, Kano R, Murai T, Watanabe S, Hasegawa
A. Susceptibility testing of Malassezia species using the
urea broth microdilution method. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother 2000; 44: 2185-2186.
225. Danker WM, Spector SA. Malassezia furfur sepsis in
neonates. J Pediatr 1985; 197: 643-644.
226. Gupta AK, Kholi Y, Li A, Faergeman J, Summerbell RC.
In vitro susceptibility of seven Malassezia species to
ketoconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine.
J Clin Microbiol 2000; 142: 758-765.
227. Velegraki A, Alexopoulos EC, Kritikou S, Gaitanis G.
Use of fatty acid RPMI 1640 media for testing
susceptibilities of eight Malassezia species to the new
triazole posaconazole and to six established antifungal
agents by a modified NCCLS M27-A2 microdilution
method and Etest. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3589-3593
Türkiye’nin ilk İşletme Fakültesi olan İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi bir ilke daha imza atmaya hazırlanıyor. Arastirmax.com "1. Liselerarası İşletme ve Ekonomi Proje Yarışması"nın sponsorlarından biri olmaktan gurur duymakta.

