1. Hunt M. Syncope. Rosen P, Barkin RM, Brean
GR, Dailey RH, Hedges JR, Hockberger RS,
Levy RC, Marx JA, Smith M. Emergency
Medicine Concepts and Clinical Practicede, 3th
ed, St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book 1992; 1186-
1199.
2. Day SC, Cook EF, Funkenstein H, Goldman L.
Evaluation and outcome of emergency room
patients with transient loss of consciousness.
Am J Med. 1982; 73: 15-23.
3. Gendelman HE, Linzer M, Gabelman M,
Smoller S, Scheuer J. Syncope in a general
hospital patient population. NY State J Med.
1983; 83: 1161-1165.
4. Kapoor WN. Diagnostic evaluation of syncope.
Am J Med. 1991; 90: 91-106.
5. Wolfe DA, Grubb BP, Kimmel SR, Headupright
tilt test: a new method of evaluating
syncope. Am Fam Phys. 1993: 47: 149-159.
6. Benditt DG, Remole S, Milstein S, Bailin S.
Syncope: causes, clinical evaluation, and current
therapy. Annu Rev Med 1992;43:283-300.
7. Frazier HS. The diagnosis of syncope in the
elderly. Int J Technol Assess Health Care.
1993: 9: 102-111.
8. Murdoch BD. Loss of consciousness in healthy
South African men: Incidence, causes and relationship
to EEG abnormality. S Afr Med J
1980: 57: 771-774.
9. Martin GJ, Adams SL. Syncope. in Schwartz
GR, Cayten CG, Mengelsan MA, Mayer TA,
Hanke BK. eds: Principles and Practice of
Emergency Medicine. 3th ed. Philadelphia, Lea
& Febiger, 1992; 331-341.
10. Kapoor WN. How do you evaluate the patient
with syncope? Cardiovas Med. 1985; 10: 51-54.
11. Manolis AS. The clinical spectrum and diagnosis
of syncope. Herz 1993;18:143-154.
12. Calkins H, Shyr Y, Frumin H, Schork A, Morady
F. The value of the clinical history in the
differentiation of syncope to ventricular tachycardia,
atrioventicular block, and neurocardiogenic
syncope. Am J Med 1995; 98: 365-373.
13. Kapoor W, Karpf M, Wieand S, Peterson J,
Levey G. A prospective evaluation and followup
of patients with syncope. N Engl J Med
1983; 309: 197-204.
14. Eagle KA, Black HR. The impact of diagnostic
tests in evaluating patients with syncope. Yale
J Biol Med 1983; 56: 1-8.
15. Silverstein MD, Singer DE, Mulley A, Thibault
GE, Barnett GO. Patients with syncope
admitted to medical intensive care units.
JAMA 1982; 248: 1185-1189.
16. Gibson TC, Heitzman MR. Diagnostic efficacy
of 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring for
syncope. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53: 1013-1017.
17. Kaufmann H. Neurally mediated syncope:
pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Neurology
1995: 45: 12-18.
18. Coplan NL, Schweitzer P: Carotid sinus hypersensitivity:
case report and review of the literature.
Am J Med. 1984; 77: 561-565.
19. Kapoor WN. Evaluation and management of
the patient with syncope. JAMA 1992; 268:
2553-2560.
20. Savage DD, Corwin L, McGee DL, Kannel WB,
Wolf PA. Epidemiologic features of isolated
syncope: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1985;
16: 626-629.
21. Mcintosh S, DaCosta D, Kenny RA. Outcome
of an integrated approach to the investigation
of dizziness, falls, and syncope in elderly patients
referred to a "syncope" clinic. Age Ageing
1993: 22: 53-58.
22. Junaid A, Dubinsky IL. Establishing an approach
to syncope in the emergency department.
J Emerg Med 1997; 15: 593-599.
23. Kapoor W, Snustad D, Peterson J, Wieand HS,
Cha R, Karpf M. Syncope in the elderly. Am J
Med 1980; 80: 419-428.
